Aicp People

Front 1

Lewis Mumford

Back 1

1895-1990. Historian, philosopher, architectural and literary critic. The City in History. 1961. Wrote for the New Yorker for many years, critical of sprawl and social problems. Felt that medieval city plans were ideal and that modern cities are too much like Roman garrison towns. Saw the city as a theater for social action with all other functions serving this primary one. Influenced by Patrick Geddes, and influence on Jane Jacobs.

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Saul Alinsky

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1909-1972. Community organizer, writer, activist. Rules for Radicals. 1971. Organized 'Back of the Yards' in Chicago and other slums in the 1930s. Moved to work in black ghettos in 1950s. Planned on organizing white middle class, known at the time as the silent majority. Layed foundation for 1960s grassroots organizations and may have influenced Obama's 2008 campaign.

Front 3

Paul Lawrence

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1922-2011. Organization and Environment. Sociologist, organizational behavior, Harvard Business School. Influential studies in Soviet Russia. Unified theory of human behavior in Driven. Studies organizational change, design, and relationship between complex organizational structures and the technical, market, and other conditions of their immediate environment.

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Lincoln Steffens

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1866-1936. The Shame of the Cities. Based on articles written for McClure's. Muckraker, along with Ida Tarbell and Ray Stannard Baker. Formed The American Magazine with them in 1906. Pushed for political reform in urban America through emotional appeal, often relying on a sense of outrage. Early support of Soviet Russia, but later became disillusioned.

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Robert Hunter

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1874-1942. Sociologish, progressive, golf course designer. Settlement House movement, particularly Hull House in Chicago, University Settlement in NY, and others in England. Joined the Socialist Party in 1905 but resigned after WWI. Moved to West Coast and lectured at Berkeley, got involved in golf course design.

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Joseph Hudnut

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1886-1968. Became Dean of new Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1936, stayed until 1953. Responsible for bringing Bauhaus modernists Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer to faculty. Served on US Commission on Fine Arts 1950-53. Architecture and the Spirit of Man; The Three Lamps of Modern Architecture.

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T.J. "Jack" Kent

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d. 1998. The Urban General Plan - seminal planning text. 2nd San Francisco City Planning Director, later Deputy Mayor for Development. Founded Berkeley's Dept. of City & Regional Planning. Helped create Assoc. of Bay Area Govts and BART. Telesis member with William Wurster and Catherine Bauer. Changed planning from creating an ideal state to an activity stream that relates to problems, goals, program design, and evaluation.

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Lawrence Haworth

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1926-pres. Philosopher - social and moral. The Good City 1963. Philosophical approach to city planning needed before sociological or architectural. A good city provides opportunity and community, but modern cities favor opportunity overwhelmingly. Institutional structures are the not very sexy answer to the problem.

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Alan Altshuler

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1936-? Academic, govt official, MA Trans Secretary 1971-75. 2004 Dean of Harvard Graduate School of Design. The Goals of Comprehensive Planning - a 1965 blistering critique of comp planning. Not feasible, not politically viable, no professional legitimacy. Challenged planners to build their theoretical arsenal. Sparked alternative methodologies: systems theory, middle-range bridge, mixed scanning, and advocacy planning. Judith Innes answers with consensus building.

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Patrick Geddes

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1854-1932. Father of Regional Planning. Biologish, geologist, sociologist, geographer, town planner who saw cities as a series of interlocking patterns - geography, economy, anthropology. Project in Edinburgh tenements, plan for Tel Aviv, Israel, and many Indian communities. Linked social reform to urban environment in Cities in Evolution, 1915. Outlook Tower project in Edinburgh.

Front 11

Edward Bassett

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1863-1948. Father of American Zoning. Joined NY Public Service Commission in 1907, worked on plan for subways. Vice-Chair of Brooklyn Committee on City Plan in 1914. Chair of Heights of Buildings Commission, whose final 1916 report was adopted as Zoning Resolution of NYC. Counsel to Zoning Committee of NY, the Regional Plan of NY & its Environs, and the NYC Planning Commission. Coined term "freeway" and credited with parkway concept.

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Daniel Burnham

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1846-1912. Architect, urban planner, Director of Works for 1893 Columbian Exposition. Classical Revival design sparks City Beautiful movement. 1909 Plan of Chicago. First comprehensive planning document grows out of World's Fair plans. 1901 McMillan Plan for DC - overhaul of National Mall, Lincoln & Jefferson Memorials, Union Station. First Chair of US Comm on Fine Arts. Plans for Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila, & more.

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Ian McHarg

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1920-2001. Design with Nature, 1969. How to achieve an ideal fit between built and natural environments. Developed land assessment system based on overlays and suitability. Basic concepts of GIS. Scottish, educated at Havard. Pioneer of Environmental Movement. Founder of Penn's Department of Landscape Architecture.

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Lawrence Veiller

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1872-1959. Leading NY housing reformer. Executive Officer of NY's Tenement House Committee, 1898-1907. Secretary of NY State Tenement House Commission. Helped draft 1901 State Tenement House Act - basic housing laws on fire protection and sanitation. Worked with Jacob Riis for publicity. Left housing affairs after 1917.

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Paul Davidoff

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1930-1984. Father of Advocacy Planning. Planning theoretist. Focused on minority and low-income communities. An answer to critiques of rational comprehensive planning that calls for planner to give up objectivity in favor of advocacy. Plural plans. Undesirable to have planning contained completely within a single agency. Competing plans from numerous agencies and constituents desirable. Good conceptually but difficult to realize in practice.

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Sherry Arnstein

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1969 - publishes A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Worked in public health and non-profit research. Theory on types and purposes of public participation. Uses many Model Cities programs as examples. 8 rungs ranging from tokenism to citizen control.

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Mary E. Brooks

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Low income housing advocate for 30+ years. Director of the Housing Trust Fund Project at the Center for Community Change - promotes development of HTGs and neighborhood group involvement. Worked for APA and Suburban/Metro Action Institute.

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Alfred Bettman

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1873-1945. Filed amicus brief in Euclid case widely credited with turning SCOTUS's opinion. With Ladislaus Segoe, produced 1925 Cincinnati Plan. Helped draft Standard State Zoning Enabling Act and Standard City Planning Enabling Act in 1920s through US Dept. of Commercie. Drafted OH & TN planning statutes.

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Robert Lang

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1960-pres. Coined term "boomburgs" for new form of mostly metropolitan mostly Sunbelt city growth. Well-known advocate for Mountain West region. Professor of Sociology at UNLV. Lincy Institute Director and Co-Director of Brookings Mountain West.

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Charles Lindblom

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1917-? Political science and economics at Yale. Early developer of incrementalism. The Science of Muddling Through - influential publication. Viewed political elites and governance as a polyarchy. Politics & Markets in 1977 explored polyarchy, corporatism, circularity, and controlled volition. The Intelligence of Democracy in 1965.

Front 21

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr

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1870-1957. Landscape architect and wildlife conservationist. Projects in Acadia, Yosemite, Everglades. McMillan Plan for DC. Boston's Emerald Necklace and master plan for Cornell campus. Bok Tower gardens. Forest Hills Gardens in 1909, a model garden suburb. Founding member of ASLA and contributor to the purpose statement for the NPS Organic Act, which created the National Park Service.

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Ebenezer Howard

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1858-1928. Garden Cities of Tomorrow AKA To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform. A utopian city form integrating the best of urban and rural life. Letworth & Welwyn were constructed in UK. Radburn NJ incorporates ideas, as were suburban resettlement towns of the 1930s.

Front 23

Jane Jacobs

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1916-2006. Journalist, author, activist. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Ideas of eyes on the street and social capital. Blasts garden city ideal, urban renewal, and traditional planning. Fought Robert Moses over Lower Manhattan Expressway. Grassroots community organizer with no formal planning education.

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Pierre Charles L'Enfant

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1754-1825. French-born architect, civil & military engineer. L'Enfant Plan for DC in 1791. A grid system crossed by diagonal avenues, included the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue. Took topography into account.

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Clarence Perry

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1872-1944. Planner, sociologist, author, educator. Worked in NYC Planning Dept. Idea of the neighborhood unit. Arterials on periphery with local shopping on the perimter, centered on civic institutions and schools, and 10% open space, all within a 5-minute walking distance of residents. Cities should be aggregates of these smaller units. Informed by Forest Hills Gardens in Queens. In 1909 joined the Russell Sage Foundation. Clarence Stein realized many of Perry's ideas in the plan for Radburn.

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George Pullman

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1831-1897. Engineer & industrialist. Designed and manufactures the Pullman sleeping car and founded a company town in IL called Pullman. Hired black staff. Violently suppressed a workers' strike with federal troops in 1894. Feudal style of rule over town.

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Charlotte Rumbold

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1869-1960. Superintendent of Playgrounds & Recreation in St. Louis until 1915. Associated with the City Efficient movement. Worked in Cleveland from 1915 onward - Chamber of Commerce, Secretary of the City Plan Committee, Board Member of Euclid Ave Assoc., City Plan Commission member, and one of the founders of the OH Planning Conference.

Front 28

Mary K. Simkhovitch

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1867-1951. Settlement house worker and housing reformer. 1917 President of the National Federation of Settlements, 1931 President of the National Housing Conference. Active in the suffrage movement. 1st Director of Greenwich House. Rejected "Lady Bountiful" approach, favored becoming a part of neighborhood life.

Front 29

Clarence Stein

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1882-1975. Urban planner, architect, writer, Garden City proponent. Cofounded Regional Planning Association of America. Chaired NY State Housing & Regional Planning Commission. 1923 plan for Sunnyside Gardens in Queens. Collaborated on Radburn, NJ plan, and later plans for 22 resettlement towns. Toward New Towns for America in 1951.

Front 30

Catherine Bauer

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1905-1964. Public housing advocate. 1934 Modern Housing, an assessment of and political demand for low rent housing. Rallied interest for federal intervention in housing needs. Co-authored Housing Act of 1937. Later moved to West Coast and joined Telesis with other Berkeley notables.

Front 31

Frank Lloyd Wright

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1867-1959. Architect and interior designer. Very influential concepts of the Usonian home and Broadacre City. Prairie school of architecture, organic and inspired by nature. The Disappearing City in 1932 expounds on his ideas about future urban form.

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Peter Calthorpe

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1949-pres. Founding member of Congress for New Urbanism. Credited with transit-oriented design and pedestrian pocket concepts. Wrote The Regional City with William Fulton in 2000. Noted reemergence of regionalism and extended new urbanist concepts to regional scale. Emphasizes transit and design.

Front 33

Robert Moses

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1888-1981. Master builder of mid-20th C NYC, Long Island, etc. Built large network of parkways and deliberately excluded transit. The Power Broker by Robert Caro describes Moses' trademark technique of using toll-generating municipal authorities to finance large building projects without much, if any, public input. He was never an elected official. Met his match in Jane Jacobs, who stalled his plans for a Lower Manhattan Expressway.

Front 34

Thomas Adams

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1871-1940. Secretary to Garden City Assoc and first manager of Letchworth. Urban planning pioneer. Outline of Town & City Planning in 1935 - says profession arises out of need to address traffic congestion. Taught at MIT and son Frederick Adams founds Urban Planning Dept there.

Front 35

Rachel Carson

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1907-1964. Marine biologist & conservationist. 1962 book Silent Spring singlehandedly causes reversal of US pesticide policy and advances the global environmental movement.

Front 36

Rexford Tugwell

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1891-1979. Member of FDR's Brain Trust. Made many New Deal policy recommendations including farm program, resettlement administration, and greenbelt cities. Crafted 1938 Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act and instrumental in creating the Soil Conservation Service in 1933. Also first director of NYC Planning Commission in 1938 and Governor of Puerto Rico during WWII. Taught at Chicago and UC Santa Barbara.

Front 37

John Muir

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1838-1914. Naturalist, author, wilderness advocate. Founder of the Sierra Club. Preserved some or all of Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Patron Saint of 20th C American environmental movement.

Front 38

Richard Babcock

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1918-1993. Chicago lawyer, author, and educator. 1966 The Zoning Game. Looks at the zoning process from the perspective of each player: planner, developer, homeowner, lawyer, judge. Created legal specialty around zoning; critiqued zoning and proposed reforms. Twice cited by SCOTUS. President of APA 1971-72.

Front 39

William Whyte

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1917-1999. Urbanist, organizational analyst, journalist. The Organization Man in 1956 - on corporate culture. Turned to study of human behavior in urban settings. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces in 1980. Looked at impact of large scale organization on society including suburbs. Impacts on initiative and creativity. Reveals a moral dimension to planning that includes the responsibility to create healthy public spaces.

Front 40

Harland Bartholomew

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1889-1989. Civil engineer, urban planner. 1914 - first full-time city planner in US (Newark, NJ). Later became well-known consultant who prepared 500+ comp plans, many ZOs, including HI's state ordinance. Early advocate of slum clearance and city plannin. "Dean of Comprehensive City Planning."

Front 41

Norman Krumholz

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Worked in Cleveland from 1969-1979 under 3 mayors. Focused on equity-oriented planning. Wrote Making Equity Planning Work with John Forester. Projects include Euclid Beach development, Clark Freeway, tax delinquency and land banking. A Retrospective View of Equity Planning. Cleveland 1969—1979.

Front 42

Herbert Simon

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1916-2001. One of the most influential 20th Century social scientists. Responsible for concept of organizational decision-making. Received Nobel Prize for work with bounded rationality. Founding father of artificial intelligence, decision-making, problem-solving, attention economics, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation. 1000s of publications.

Front 43

John Friedman

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1926-pres. Pioneering urban theorist. Founded UCLA Graduate School of Architecture & Planning in 1960. Known for analysis of world city formation. Planning in the Public Domain (1987) put forward the radical planning model of decolonization, democratization, self-empowerment, reaching out. Agropolitan development paradigm. Toward a Non-Euclidean Mode of Planning (1993) advocated for decentralizing planning, making it normative, innovative, political, and transactive. Planning based on a social learning approach to knowledge and policy.

Front 44

Amitai Etzioni

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1929-pres. Israeli-American sociologist. Communitarianism. International Relations Professor at GWU. Mixed-scanning model to address weaknesses in rational comprehenxive and incremental models of decision-making. A broad scan which identifies areas where in-depth research is needed.

Front 45

George Haussmann

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1809-1891. Baron Haussmann. Commissioned by Napoleon III to carry out massive program of boulevards, parks, and public works in Paris. "Haussmann's Renovation of Paris," a vision that still dominates Paris. Influenced Burnham/City Beautiful, Frederick Law Olmsted, and the designs of many other European cities.

Front 46

Christopher Stone

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Wrote Should Trees Have Standing? in 1972. Discussed authority to file suit in Sierra Club v. Morton. USC Professor Emeritus in law. International environmental law, environmental ethics, trade and the environment.

Front 47

Peter Drucker

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1909-2005. Founder of modern management field. Management by objectives - a process of agreeing on objectives across all parts of an organization to ensure buy-in. Saw managers as responsible for the common good and the only leadership in modern society. Coined the term knowledge worker. Named three economic sectors: public, private, non-profit.

Front 48

Harvey Molotch

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1940-pres. NYU sociologist, studies power relations. Helped found field of environmental sociology. Classic 1976 paper The City as a Growth Machine. 1987 book Urban Fortunes based on same ideas, written with John Logan. Reversed course of urban theory at the time - empty parcels are not blanks but are associated with interests. Especially real estate interests of those whose land will gain value as growth occurs. This is the local growth machine. Shape of the city a social process as much as an economic or geographic one.

Front 49

Homer Hoyt

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1895-1984. Land economist, real estate appraiser, consultant. 1930 Sector Model of urban land use - a modification of the concentric ring theory. Keeps the CBD but accounts for transportation corridors changing land use patterns. The Structure & Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities - 1939 report while at Federal Housing Administration.

Front 50

Louis Wirth

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1897-1952. Chicago School of Sociology. Social theory of urban space based on study of Jewish immigrants adjusting to urban America. Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938) a classic essay. Felt that urbanism harmed culture and eroded and delayed families, but that also offered many benefits. Co-author of The City with Burgess & Park.

Front 51

Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman

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1945 Puts forth the Multiple Nuclei Model of urban land use in The Nature of Cities. Based on nodes that are specialized by attributes: accessibility, compatibility, incompatibility, sustainability. Can begin with a CBD but growth will focus around other points as well. Regional centers for industry, business, retail. A response to car ownership and desire for shorter commutes.

Front 52

Edward J. Kaiser

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FAICP, JAPA co-editor. Hazard mitigation and environmental protection. Co-author of Urban Land Use Planning textbook. UNC professor.

Front 53

Randall Arendt

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Published 1994 Rural by Design. Advocates creative land use planning techniques to preserve open space and community character. Concept of conservation subdivision/planning.

Front 54

James Howard Kunstler1948-pres.

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1948-pres. Author, social critic, speaker, blogger. The Geography of Nowhere, The City in Mind. Highly critical of sprawl, suburbia, oil reliance. Support for new urbanism.

Front 55

Hippodamus

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498-408 BC. Greek architect, urban planner, physician, mathematician. Considered the Father of Urban Planning. Orderly, regular patterns for Greek cities. Population of 10,000 menthe ideal size

Front 56

Benjamin Banneker

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1731-1806. Free black scientist, surveyor, almanac author. Surveyed borders of DC with Major Andrew Ellicott.

Front 57

William Levitt

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Father of Suburbia. Applied assembly line techniques to home construction after WWII. Faster to build + affordable = massive more to home ownership on urban fringes. 17,000 homes in Levittown, PA. Levittown, NY his first big project.

Front 58

Benton MacKaye

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1879-1975. Forester, planner, conservationist. Originated idea for Appalachian Trail in a 1921 article of the same name. Pioneered idea of land preservation for recreation purposes. Wrote The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning.

Front 59

David Lilienthal

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1899-1981. Attorney & public administrator. Best known for leading TVA and is sometimes known as The Father of Public Power. Mission of affordable power for everyone (in TVA region).

Front 60

George Norris

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1861-1944. US Senator from Nebraska, 30+ yrs in office. "Greatest US Senator." A New Dealer. Nominal Republican, later Democrat. Known for fostering legislation to create TVA.

Front 61

George Perkins Marsh

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1801-1882. Diplomat, philologist, Vermonter. May be America's first environmentalist. His ideas are a precursor to sustainability but he is more correctly called a conservationist. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. One of the first geographers to see humans as shaping the environment.

Front 62

Walter Christaller

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1893-1969. German geographer. Central Place Theory in 1933. Saw cities as systems of human settlements with size, location, and services determined by position in a hierarchy of places. Nested hexagons used to model placements. Larger populations support specialized services, larger cities have larger "hinterlands" from which to pull.

Front 63

William Alonso

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1933-1999. Argentine-born American planner & economist. Bid-rent function theory - says that a land use's distance from the CBD is a factor of the intensity of use, population, and employment. An extension of Von Thunen's concentric rings, but for an urban environment instead of an agricultural one.

Front 64

James E. Vance, Jr.

Back 64

1925-1999. Noted Urban and Transportation Geographer. Cities in the Shaping of the American Nation. Put forth urban realms model of urban land use in 1964 - non-centric and multi-nodal with a mobile peopulation. Geography & Urban Evolution in the San Francisco Bay Area. Looked at how transportation has shaped human geography, thought wholesaling is the genesis of trade, not retailing.

Front 65

Edmund Bacon

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1910-2005. Urban planner, architect, educator. Design of Cities is his 1967 seminal text, relates international work of city designers throughout the ages to the contemporary city. Philadelphia PC Director from 1949-1970. Major projects included: Penn Center, removing elevated railways, designs for Market East, Penn's Landing, Society Hill, Independence Mall. Mixed urban renewal with beginnings of historic preservation. Rejected Louis Kahn's urban plan for the city.

Front 66

Sir Raymond Unwin

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1863-1940. English engineer, architect, town planner. Town Planning in Practice in 1909 one APA's Top 100 Books. Inspired by John Ruskin, William Morris. With Barry Parker, aimed to improve working class housing. Popularized the Arts & Crafts Movement, submitted plans for Letchworth in 1902 and took part in its creation. Continued working class housing crusade through WWI.

Front 67

Walter D. Moody

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1874-1920. Author of 1912 Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago. 1st known formal instruction in city planning below college level. A manual given to 8th grade school children in Chicago to educate them on the Plan of Chicago.

Front 68

Flavel Shurtleff

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Wrote Carrying Out the City Plan in 1914 with and at the instigation of Frederick Law Olmsted. The first study of state planning law and first major textbook on city planning. Prominent MA city planning attorney. Not to be confused with Arthur Shurtleff, a Boston-area planner who worked with FLO, Jr to establish the first four-year planning program in the US at Harvard.

Front 69

Benjamin Marsh

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1878-1952. Executive Secretary to the NYC Committee on Congestion of Population, which formed in 1907. 1909 - first book in US dedicated entirely to city planning is An Introduction to City Planning: Democracy's Challenge and the American City. Organized first national meeting on planning, the National Conference on City Planning & Congestion in DC in 1909. First to register as a lobbyist after 1946 federal law. Had many ideas that made their way into NYC's first ZO.

Front 70

Martin Anderson

Back 70

1964 book The Federal Bulldozer: A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal gave an early history of the program and showed how its idealistic goals went awry. Also a domestic policy adviser to Nixon and Reagan.

Front 71

Susan Fainstein

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2010 book The Just City gives an urban theory of justice. A planning theorist who looks at equity, diversity, and democracy as goals that should drive cities. A way to evaluate policies.

Front 72

Jane Addams

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1860-1953. Nobel Peace Prize Winner. Pioneer settlement social worker, Progressive-era reformer. Leader for suffrage. In 1889, cofounded Hull House in Chicago. Hull House offered night classes and a host of other community services and amenities, fostered cross-class interaction. Saw women as civic housekeepers who needed the vote.

Front 73

Leon Krier

Back 73

1946-pres. Architect, theorist, planner. Godfather of New Urbanism. New Classical Architecture. Critical of architectural modernism, functional zoning, and suburbanism. Proponent of traditional European city model. Known for Poundsbury in UK and Cayala in Guatemala City. The Architecture of Community.

Front 74

David Harvey

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1935-pres. Professor of Anthropology & Geography at City University of NY. 1973 Social Justice & the City. 1989 The Condition of Postmodernity. Marxist theories, geographies, and critiques of capitalism. Geography cannot be objective in the face of poverty and injustice. Social injustice embedded in nature of capitalism.

Front 75

Herbert Gans

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1927-pres. Sociologist and city planner. Made a classic case against urban renewal in Urban Villagers, a study of a to-be-demolished neighborhood in Boston, the West End. Takes an anthropological view - how people live in cities and interact with urban environment.

Front 76

John Nolen

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1869-1937. Landscape architect and pioneer in city & regional planning. Argued for natural beauty in urban design. New Towns for Old in 1927 examines economic, social, and physical aspects of planning. Major projects include: WI state parks, Venice CA plan, Madison & U of Wisconsin, Mariemont in Cincinnati. Studies at Harvard under Flavel Shurtleff and FLO, Jr.

Front 77

Charles Mulford Robinson

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City Planning: with Special Reference to the Planning of Streets and Lots. 1916 work. First to meld 18th & 19th Century designs with growing effects of motorized travel and modern American life.

Front 78

Ladislaus Segoe

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Local Planning Administration in 1941 makes the case for integration of planning profession into local government. Worked on 1925 Cincinnati Plan with Alfred Bettman.

Front 79

Robert Walker

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The Planning Function in Urban Government in 1941 makes the case for integration of planning profession into local government.

Front 80

Ernest Burgess

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U of Chicago Dept of Sociology. With Robert Park and Louis Wirth wrote The City in 1925. Put forward a concentric ring model of urban form, where residents are sorted by economic and social class into zones around the CBD. Introduces concept of human ecology.

Front 81

Kevin A. Lynch

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1918-1984. Best known for The Image of the City. Empirical research on how people perceive and navigate the urban environment. Identified 5 key features of mental maps (paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks) and coined wayfinding and imageability.

Front 82

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

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1822-1903. Father of American Landscape Architecture. Superintendent of NYC Central Park in 1857. Formed his own firm later. Introduced ideas of curvilinear streets, working with topography, and emphasizing proper drainage. Major projects include: Riverside IL, US Capitol grounds, Biltmore and many more.

Front 83

Camillo Sitte

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1843-1903. Austrian architect, painter, planning theoretician. Influential in Europe. 1889 City Planning According to Artistic Principles turned away from pragmatic, hygenic planning of the time period. Importance of an urban room around the experiencing man. Irregular urban structures, plazas, importance of aesthetics.

Front 84

Jacob Riis

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d. 1914. How the Other Half Lives. A unique blend of reporting, reform, and photography. Started as a police reporter for NY Tribune in 1877. Danish immigrant reached US in 1870. Crusade for better living conditions for immigrants.

Front 85

Joel Garreau

Back 85

Edge City: Life on the New Frontier is seminal work. Identified 180+ commerce center on the urban fringe taking on a new urban form. Reporter, editor at Washington Post.

Front 86

Andres Duany

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Suburban Nation. Founder of the Congress of New Urbanism. First TND with Seaside, FL. Smart growth proponent. Form-based zoning and rural-to-urban transect concepts.

Front 87

Le Corbusier

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1887-1965. Swiss-French architect, designer, urbanist. Pioneer of Modern architecture & the International Style. Better living conditions for cities. The Radiant City in 1935 based on The Contemporary City in 1922. Towers in a park form of urban design with central transportation hub. Five points of architecture (pilotis, free facades, open floor plans, many windows, green roofs).

Front 88

James Rouse

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1914-1996. Real estate developer, civic activist, philanthropist. Harundale Mall in Glen Burnie MD in 1958 is first enclosed shopping center east of the Mississippi and first built by a devleoper. Coined term "mall" to describe. Introduced malls to create suburban town centers. In 1960s, turned to planned communities. Creator/devloper of Columbia, MD, which opened in 1967.