Ahs Quiz 4 - Week 11 Slides - Infectious Disease

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Infectious Disease Risk Factors

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Pathogen: disease-causing agent

Epidemic: disease outbreak in a community Pandemic: global epidemic

Immune system: protects us (infectious diseases)

Canada: public health networks control infectious diseases

Mostdiseases are multifactorial (several factors)

Conditionsrequired for disease to occur:¤Susceptible host, transmittingagent, hospitable environment

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Infectious Disease Risk Factors You Cannot Control

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¤Heredity

¤Aging

¤Environmental Conditions

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Infectious Disease Risk Factors: Risk Factors You Can Control

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¤Too much stress

¤Inadequate dietary intake

¤Physical inactivity and lack ofsleep

¤Misuse or abuse of drugs

¤Poor personal hygiene

¤High risk behaviours

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ThePathogens: Routes of Invasion: transmission

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- Direct and indirect contact

- Autoinoculation (one part to another)

- Airborne contact

- Food-borne infection, animal-borne pathogens -- Water-borne diseases

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ThePathogens: Routes of Invasion : bacteria

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- Single-celled organisms

- Three major types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla

- Produce toxins (poisonous substances)

¤Staphylococcal infections

¤Streptococcal infections

¤Pneumonia

¤Tuberculosis

¤Periodontal diseases

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ThePathogens: Routes of Invasion : viruses

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Viruses

- Smallest pathogens; protein structures Treatment is difficult (can withstand heat)

The Common Cold

Influenza

Infectious Mononucleosis

¤Hepatitis

¤Mumps

¤ChickenPox

¤Measles

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Your Body’s Defences: Keeping You Well : Physicaland Chemical Defences

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¤Skin; enzymes

¤Slight elevations in bodytemperature

¤Linings of the body (mucousmembranes) ¤Secretions at body entrances(tears)

Immunesystem

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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well : ¨TheImmune System: Your Body Fights Back

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¤Immunity

¤Antigens, Antibodies

¤Immunoglobulins

¤Humoral immune response

¤Cell-mediated immunity

¤Lymphocytes

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YourBody’s Defences:Keeping You Well : ¨TheImmune System: Your Body Fights Back ¤Autoimmune Diseases

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¤Autoimmune Diseases

Immune system mistakenly targetsown tissues: rheumatoidarthritis, lupus erythematosus

Immune deficiency syndrome

Acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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YourBody’s Defences:Keeping You Well : Fever

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Fever

Rises in temperature:

response to an invading organism

produced by toxins secreted by pathogens

Harmful, if extreme; can protect body :

destroys some disease-causing organismsstimulates more white blood cell production

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YourBody’s Defences:Keeping You Well : Pain

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Pain:

Response to injury:stops action; prevent further injury

Can be direct or referred

Most often accompanied by inflammation

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YourBody’s Defences:Keeping You Well : Vaccines

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Vaccines:Bolstering Your Immunity

¤Vaccination: inoculation withkilled, weakened pathogens

- prevent, lessen effects of somedisease

¤Vaccinations contribute to acquiredimmunity

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SexuallyTransmitted Infections

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Transmitted:vaginal, anal, oral contact Formerlycalled STDs or venereal diseases Incidenceis rising

majority of new infections, 15-24year olds

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Possible Causes: Why Me?

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¤Possible contributing factors:

moral and social stigma

casual attitude toward sex

ignorance about infections/symptoms

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SexuallyTransmitted Infections : Modes of Transmission

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Vaginal and anal intercourse

Oral-genital contact

Hand-genital contact

Mouth to mouth contact

Contact with fluids from body sores

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SexuallyTransmitted Infections : examples

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- Chlamydia

- PelvicInflammatory Disease

- Gonorrhea

- Syphillis

- PubicLice

- VenerealWarts

- Candidiasis

- Urinary Tract Infections

- Herpes

- Syphillis

- AIDS

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AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus

Global health problem

21+ million have died of AIDS

57 million infected with HIVCanada: black, Aboriginal Canadians, higher rates

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AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) How HIV Is Transmitted

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¤Engaging in High-Risk Behaviours

¤Exchange of Body Fluids

¤Receiving a Blood Transfusion Priorto 1986¤Injecting Drugs

¤Mother-to-Infant Transmission(Perinatal)

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AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Reducing Your Risks for HIV

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¤Avoidunprotected sex (those at risk)

¤Uselatex condoms

¤Donot share injecting needles, devices

¤Avoidinjury to body tissues

¤Gettested

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): symptoms of the disease

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Incubation time varies greatly

Infants and newborns: at high risk

- immune system, not fully developed

HIV+ adults: AIDS develops in 8-10 years

- with no treatment

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) : Testing for HIV Antibodies

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Testing for HIV Antibodies

¤Blood tests (ELISA and Western blot)

¤Tests detect antibodies to HIV

PreventingHIV Infection

¤No vaccination at this time

¤Responsible choices: sex and drug use ¤Maintain strong immune system: lifestyle choices

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Non infectious Diseases

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Chronic diseases: pain, suffering,and disability - normally do not result in death

Not transmitted by pathogen,personal contact

Develops over long period of time

Lifestyle and personal health,major factors

Prevention and control couldminimize effects

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Respiratory Disorders - Allergy-Induced Problems

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Allergy-Induced Problems

Body defends: specific antigen, allergen

Body overreacts: production of antibodies

Antibodies trigger the release of histamines

chemicals: dilates vessels, increases mucous secretions

HayFever

¤Chronicrespiratory disorder: ragweed and flowers

¤Sneezing;itchy, watery eyes and nose

¨Asthma

¤Wheezing,shortness of breath, coughing spasms

¤Majority:children under 10 years (mainlyboys)

¤Dust,pollen, animal dander, stress, exercise

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Respiratory Disorders - Hay Fever

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HayFever

¤Chronicrespiratory disorder: ragweed and flowers

¤Sneezing;itchy, watery eyes and nose

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Respiratory Disorders - Asthma

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¤Wheezing,shortness of breath, coughing spasms

¤Majority:children under 10 years (mainlyboys) ¤Dust,pollen, animal dander, stress, exercise

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Respiratory Disorders - Emphysema

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¤Gradualdestruction of alveoli (air sacs)¤Difficultyexhaling; struggles taking in air

¤Causeis uncertain; effects irreversible ¤Associatedwith long-term cigarette smoking alsoexposure to air pollution

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Respiratory Disorders - Chronic Bronchitis

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¤Called“smoker’scough”

¤Inflammationof bronchial tubes

- impairsnormal respiratory function

¤Symptoms:productive cough, shortness of breath

¤Cigarettesmoking, the major risk factor

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NeurologicalDisorders - Headaches

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¨Headaches

¤Tension Headaches

¤Migraine Headaches

¤Secondary Headaches

¤Psychological Headaches

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NeurologicalDisorders - seizure disorders

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Seizure Disorders

Epilepsy: abnormal electrical brain activity

Types of seizures

- grand mal

- petit mal

- psychomotor

- Jacksonian

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Sex-RelatedDisorders - Fibrocystic Breast Disease

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FibrocysticBreast Disease

¤Common,non-cancerous problem

¤Smalllump to large masses (tissue) ¤Progressivelyworse with age; causes, unknown

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sex-related disorders -Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

¤Symptoms: depression, irritability, headaches, cramps

¤Plausible cause: hormonal imbalance

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Sex-Related Disorders - Endometriosis

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Endometriosis

¤Abnormaldevelopment of endometrial tissue - outsideuterus with serious side effects

¤Tendsto affect women age 20-40

¤Symptoms:cramping, menstrual pain, irregular periods

¤Treatments:rest, reduce stress, hysterectomy

- also,removal of ovaries/fallopian tubes

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Digestion-RelatedDisorders - Diabetes

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¤9+million Canadians: diabetes or prediabetes

¤Ratesexpected to increase due to:

- agingpopulation, obesity rates, sedentary lifestyles

- ethnicbackgrounds of new Canadians

¤Individualsexhibit hyperglycemia

¤Lifestyleand genetic factors

DiabetesMellitus: high blood glucose levels

Type1 diabetes: insulin-dependent diabetes

¤immunesystem destroys insulin-making

cells

Type2 diabetes: non-insulin dependent diabetes

¤deficientinsulin or body unable to utilize

¤90-95%of all diabetes cases

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Digestion-RelatedDisorders - Colitis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

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¤Ulcerative colitis: inflammation ofmucous membranes (colon)

symptoms: bloody diarrhea, stomachcramps, weight loss, nausea, sweating, fever

cause unknown; linked to stress,food

treatment: focuses on relievingsymptoms

¤Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS):nausea, pain, gas, or diarrhea

- caused by certain foods or stress

- symptoms vary from week toweek

- stress management, healthy habitscontrol IBS

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Digestion-RelatedDisorders - Diverticulosis

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Diverticulosis

¤Bulges in walls of the intestine

- results in irritation and infection

¤Bulges may fill with feces

- can become irritated, infected; pain

¤Bleeding and chronic obstruction can occur

- can be life threatening

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Digestion-RelatedDisorders - Peptic Ulcers

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PepticUlcers

¤Damageto stomach or intestinal liningnusuallycaused by digestive juices

¤Commoncause: bacterial infection (helicobacter pylori)

¤Treatment:antibiotics

¤Moreprevalent in those highly stressed especiallyhigh fat foods, excessive alcohol

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Digestion-RelatedDisorders - Gallbladder Disease

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GallbladderDisease

¤Gallbladderirritated by chemicals, infection, overuse

- Reducedability: bile to digest fats

¤Gallstonesform in the gallbladder

- Pain:upper right portion of abdomen

- aftereating fatty foods

¤Treatments:medication, altering diet, surgical removal

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MusculoskeletalDiseases - Arthritis

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Arthritis

¤Painfulinflammatory disease of the joints

¤Osteoarthritis(OA): progressive deterioration of bonenaging;wear and tearntreatments:anti-inflammatory drugs, joint replacement

¤Rheumatoidarthritis (autoimmune disorder) - destructionof bony ends of joints

- moreprevalent in women; cause, unknown

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MusculoskeletalDiseases - Fibromyalgia

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Fibromyalgia

¤Chronic,painful rheumatological-like

¤Arrayof symptoms

- Widespreadpain, stiffness, tender points, depression

- Swelling,coldness, numbness, tingling, headaches

¤Causeis unknown

- Sleepand stress are possible links

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MusculoskeletalDiseases - ¨SystemicLupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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SystemicLupus Erythematosus (SLE)

¤Diseasereferred to as “Lupus”

¤Immunesystem attacks the body

- antibodiesdestroy organs (kidneys, brain, heart)

¤Commonsymptom: butterfly-shaped rash bridgeof nose and both cheeks

¤Nocure at this time

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MusculoskeletalDiseases - Low Back Pain (LBP)

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LowBack Pain (LBP)

¤RiskFactors for Low Back Pain

- age,body type, poor posture

- psychologicaland occupational factors

¤PreventingBack Pain and Injury

- goodposture, mattress, and shoes

- ergonomics,physical activity

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Other Maladies

Back 42

ChronicFatigue Syndrome (CFS)

¤Symptoms:chronic tiredness, headaches, sore throat

¤Possiblepsychological roots

Job-RelatedDisorders

¤Computers:eye strain, low back, neck, shoulder

¤Carpaltunnel syndrome is common (wrist) irritationof the median nerve