Ah 211 Midterm

Front 1

waterworn pebble resembling a human face

Back 1

found in Makapansgat, South Africa
significance: acknowledgement of humanity, -carried a great distance
-"mirror stage" suggests that we are creatures above the animal world

Front 2

painting from the Apollo 11 cave

Back 2

-proved at that time homo sapiens were in existence
-much of the body of the animal is in profile

Front 3

human with feline head

Back 3

-carved out of mammoth ivory--significant because it was a hard material to obtain/work with
-hunter/gatherer society where the figure served as a symbol of importance to that group

Front 4

Venus of Willendorf

Back 4

-found in Willendorf, Austria
-sculpture in the round found in a garbage dump
-named "Venus" out of sarcasm, not a modern standard of beauty
-token of fertility
-no face means it was intended to be a general symbol

Front 5

woman holding a bison horn

Back 5

-found in France
-relief sculpture, painted limestone
-horn signifies importance of hunting/ gathering
-female looks pregnant/fat symbolizing fertility

Front 6

two bison in cave

Back 6

-found in France
-relief sculpture made of clay
-shows that during this time the uses of clay had been discovered
-beginning to use materials associated with the Neolithic Era

Front 7

Bison with a turned head

Back 7

-fragmentary spear thrower found in France
-suggests that caves as a site became important
-low relief sculpture

Front 8

Bison in the Caves of Altamira

Back 8

-done as a good luck act for the hunt
-communication of a story
-connection of man to nature

Front 9

spotted horse and negative hand imprints

Back 9

-found in France
-showed different techniques used in cave paintings

Front 10

Hall of the Bulls

Back 10

-caves at Lascaux, France
-bodies in profile and horns are in frontal

Front 11

rhinoceros, wounded man, disemboweled bison

Back 11

-Lascaux, France
-painting on the well
-debate over what the penis-like brush stroke signifies

Front 12

Mesopotamia

Back 12

-"between two rivers": Tigris and Euphrates
-Sumerians is the most ancient civilization
-had the first city/states ruled by a theocracy
-engaged in city planning and organized religion

Front 13

cunieform

Back 13

-developed form of writing based on pictographs
-evolved to incorporate transitory/descriptive words
-written with a stylus from right to left, bottom to top

Front 14

White Temple and Ziggurat

Back 14

-built in an established civilization therefore not considered Neolithic
-served as a fortress
-also meant to serve as a mountain-->worship of the sky
-irrigated, therefore would've been very green and lush

Front 15

female head

Back 15

-statement about the power of the ruling class
-she was a priestess/ruler
-would've had precious stones and a head dress
-she has been defaced, an act of extreme violation

Front 16

presentation of offerings to Inanna

Back 16

bottom section: growing food/plants
second section: procession of animals
third section: procession of priests
-top section hierarchy representation, goddess is bigger than the priest

Front 17

nudity in ancient art

Back 17

-means that the figures are humbled by the presence of God
-also serves as a form of humiliation for the slaves

Front 18

statuettes of two worshippers Eannatum

Back 18

-found in a temple
-perpetual prayers on behalf of who commissioned them
-enormous eyes in order to never sleep/ever stop praying

Front 19

fragment of the victory stele of Eannatum

Back 19

-depicts victory over neighboring town
-vultures taking body parts of slain enemies
-God riding on a chariot with the king towards victory

Front 20

war side of the Standard of Ur

Back 20

first section: procession of donkeys trampling dead slaves
second section: prisoners of war being collected by soldiers, ruler dismounting his chariot to collect prisoners of war

Front 21

peace side of the Standard of Ur

Back 21

-people bringing goods to a banquet
-animals being led to the banquet
-people celebrating at the banquet

Front 22

Akkadians

Back 22

-invaded Sumer
-made their own language
-semetic

Front 23

head of Akkadian ruler

Back 23

-use of copper represents knowledge of metals
-defaced

Front 24

victory stele of Naram-Sin

Back 24

-Iranian ruler took this to show victory
-very tall, commemorates victory (climbing a mountain)
-Naram-Sin is larger, trampling over naked army

Front 25

votive disk of Enhenduanna

Back 25

-circle represents moon
-first woman depicted in art for hr accomplishments
-woman making sacrifices to God of the Moon
-she is larger, surrounded by clothed priestesses

Front 26

seated statue of Gudea

Back 26

-wearing a prayer robe with cunieform writing on it
-good king: humble, bringing peace, always in prayer
-he would be around forever to pray for his civilization

Front 27

stele of Hammurabi

Back 27

-he is receiving a code on a mountain top
-he is in prayer (cap/robe)
-earliest example of law code

Front 28

Lion Gate

Back 28

-designed to intimidate visitors
-charging lions
-colossal stones

Front 29

statue of queen Napir-Asu

Back 29

-solid caste
-votive figure
-solid bronze (indestructible)

Front 30

Assyrians

Back 30

-name came from God of the sky
-very blood-thirsty people

Front 31

Lamassu (winged human-headed bull)

Back 31

-designed to be seen from the front and side
-commissioned by the ruler Sargon II
-man/bull/griffin, has 5 legs

Front 32

Assyrian archers pursuing enemies

Back 32

-they are shooting enemies as they are crossing a moat
-message: don't mess with the Assyrians

Front 33

Ashurbanipal hunting lions

Back 33

-king mows down lions with spears for sport
-ceremonial arranged killing to make a statement of power

Front 34

Ishtar Gate

Back 34

-dedicate to the goddess Ishtar in the middle of the city of Babylon
-animals in low relief
-lions/dragons/bulls and important gods

Front 35

Persians

Back 35

-extensive empire
-great deal of influence on civilization
-very prominent in Greek mythology

Front 36

Palace of Shapur I

Back 36

-commemorated the capture of a Roman empire
-Roman arches/columns
-Shapur triumphing Valerian

Front 37

people, boats, and animals in watercolor

Back 37

-people are probably going to a funeral
-dancing alongside the Nile
-animals look very Mesopotamic
-looks similar to wall paintings at Catal Hoyuk

Front 38

Palette of King Narmer

Back 38

on two cows, said to represent Narmer's name
-Narmer is very large, next to him is a smaller servant
-enemy is larger than the servant because he is more important
-Narmer is wearing a unified crown
-engaging in a procession to a funeral
-not a portrait, but a symbol

Front 39

Mastaba (bench)

Back 39

-simple structures that later became more complicated
-at the entrance they had a chapel and a false door
-had a shaft that led to the burial chamber

Front 40

Imotep stepped pyramid

Back 40

-looks very plain today
-would've had a mecropolis around it, and it would've been irrigated

Front 41

Great Pyramids of Gizeh

Back 41

-Menkavre has the smallest
pyramid, Khafte has the medium pyramid, and Khufu has the largest
-would've had plants and an acropolis around them

Front 42

Khafte's statue

Back 42

-said to be unbreakable
-broad shoulders, narrow hips, long legs/arms
-behind his head is the hawk god Horus

Front 43

Mankavre Khameremebty

Back 43

-always stepping with one foot forward
-her pose is as she is presenting him as pharaoh

Front 44

seated scribe from Saqqara

Back 44

-scribes are from lower classes
-look less attractive than pharaohs
-painted limestone was not as rare
-all the scribes have exactly the same body type

Front 45

Mortuary Temple of Hapshepshut

Back 45

-assumed power by marrying the pharaoh
-would've had statues on the terraces, and would've been irrigated
-very contemporary because it was meant to be built into the mountain

Front 46

Hapshepshut with offering jars

Back 46

-destroyed out of embarrassment of a female pharaoh
-she is dressed as a male

Front 47

Temple of Ramses II

Back 47

moved because a dam was needed where it was built originally
-Nefertari standing next to a large statue (colossi) of Ramses, and his children are next to him

Front 48

Interior of Temple of Ramses II

Back 48

-hall lined with caryatid (female columns) and atlantid (male columns)
-stressed magnificence and power of Ramses II

Front 49

Hypostyle Hall

Back 49

-hall with columns designed to represent your voyage down the Nile
-roof is taller in the middle to allow light in

Front 50

Nekfertiti

Back 50

-bust done for model of artwork
-thought to be the most beautiful woman in the world
-swelling of abdomen, and narrow shoulders