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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When were the first generation of computers produced?
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1945-1959
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what did first generation use?
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vacuum tubes
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Why were vacuum tubes bad?
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large , hot and used lots of electricity and burned out.
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What was programming first generation computers like?
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thye were difficult, they had assembly language.
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what were first generation computers built with?
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magnetic tapes, punched cards, human operator
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when were the second generation of computers produced?
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1960-1965
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what were second generation computers built with?
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transistors
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what were transistors made out of?
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silicon crystal
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what languages could you program second generation computers with?
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FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC
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DEC produced _________ (which was?)
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PDP- I, first microcomputer
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who built first transistor?
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Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain
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when and where were transistors built?
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1947, Bell Labs
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what did Shockley Bardeen and Briattian win and when?
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Nobel Prize, 1956
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when were the third generation of computers built?
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1966-1971
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what did third generation of computers have?
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integrated circuits or chips
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how many transistors per chip in third generation of computers?
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3000
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what did the third generation of computers have?
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monitors and keyboards and families of computers
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when did internet start?
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1969
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who was the inventor of the hand held calc?
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Jack Kilby
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what kind of board did Jack Kilby build?
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ceramic-base silk screen circuirt board
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what did Jack kilby binven and where did he work?
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transistor based hearing aids and Texas instruments
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who was the founder of intel?
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robert noyce
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robert noyce was the co-founder of
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fairchild semiconductor
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when Robert noyce write how to make more of less?
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1958-1959
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Kilby received
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Nobel prize in ohysics for role in invention of IC
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what is historically one of the most improtant innovations of mankind?
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chip
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IC is...
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chip
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what are the classes of IC'c?
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SSI
MSI LSI VLSI ULSI |
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SSI
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small scale integration, 100 per chip
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MSI
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medium scale intergration, 100-3000 per chip
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LSI
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3000-100,000 electronic components per chip
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VLSI
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100,000 to 1,000,000 per chip
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ULSI
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1,000,000 per chip
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years of 1st and importance
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1945-1959
vacuum tubes |
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years of 2nd and importance
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1960-1965
transistors (Shocley, Bardeen and Brittain) |
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years of 3rd and importance
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1966-1971
ICs(Kilby and Noyce) |
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years of 4th and importance
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1971-present
LSI, VLSI, ULSI |
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In 1950 we used _____ how many? how much?
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vacuum tubes, 18000, $2 each
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In 1960 we used _____ how much?
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transistors
$.10 each |
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In 1996 we used _____ how many? how much?
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Chips
$500 3.3 million tranistors $0.00015 |
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In 2003 we used _____ how many? how much?
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still chips
$500 $5 miilion transistors $0.0000091 |
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When was Quantum Mirage Effect discovered?
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January 2000
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Who discovered Quantum Mirage Effect?
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IBM
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Quantum Mirage Effect beat the physical limitations of...
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chip (circuit too small to support electrical current)
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weird info about Quantum Mirage Effect
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info about atom at A appears at B
no physical connection analogous to guiding sound and light |
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types of computers (general)
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embedded, special purpose, main classes, workstations
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4-5 main classes
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handheld, microcomputer, sever, mainframe computer, supercomputer
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personal computer prices
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500-5000
avg---1000 |
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first PC what/when/where/how many sold
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Apple I
1976 in garage 200 sold |
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minicomputers are bigger than...
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microcomputers
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how much are minicomputers?
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$50000
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minicomputer has ______ users and _____ programs
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many
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minicompter have a _____ terminal
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dumb, no sytem unit at your desk
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mainframes---large organization have them
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general purpose
dumb terminals billions of instructions per second several high-end CPUs |
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severla humded thousad to severla million
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mainframe
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what has a few programs and is very fast
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supercomputer
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today's micros are
yesterdays YESTERDAYS |
mini
mainframe |
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today's calc
yesterdays Yesterdays YESTERDAYS |
micro
mini mainframe |
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2 things about a workstation
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computer connected to a network
special purpose computer |
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media is
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what you write on
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types of media
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hardware, CD, floppies
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devices are...
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what the computer writes with
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types of devices
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hradware, floppy drive, hard drive, cdrom drive
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what is written/read?
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Bytes (bits)
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storage = (semi)permanent live on
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disks
tapes |
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memory lives on...
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chips
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with storage you instruct...
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a program to read/write from/to
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with memory a program
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CPU instructs the OS to read/write from/to
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floppies are...
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mylar coated with magnetized particles
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hard drives are...
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coated metal plates
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magnet passes over...
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oreients paticles into packet of particles
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dish head clearance----
smoke fingerprint dust human hair |
10
250 600 1550 3000 |
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access time
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how long for disk heads to position to read a requested piece of information
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access time is almost same as...
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seek time
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access time is measured in
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milliseconds
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random vs. sequential
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disks and CD-ROMS random
tapes- sequential |
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3.5 diskette
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1.44 MB
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what are sizes for zips?
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100, 250, 70 MB
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what does formatting do?
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prepares s disk for use
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storage capacity depends on...
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formatting
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formatting divides into...
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concentric circles (tracks)
and wedges (sectors) |
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what is density?
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# of magnetized particles per square cm and size of magnetized particles
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DD has....
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40 tracks per side
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high desnity has...
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80 tracks per side and 18 sectors per track
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sectors ____ bytes
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512
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cluster varies depending on....
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size of disk
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size and capacity of a diskette is...
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downwardly compatible
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formatting creates...
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the directory
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what do youget when youformat?
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filename&extension, where, size, date&time last modified, first cluster
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what does FAT stand for?
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File Allocation Table
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FAT is...
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important, necessary, crucial file
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Files:
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not contiguous
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files are ...
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fragments
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Files.. "random"...
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part of random access
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formatting creates
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FAT
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/S switch
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copies system (boot) files
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3 things about fragmentation
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clusters scattered, doesn't influence file size, slows down OS
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sector is the...
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smallest access unit
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sector...
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512 bytes (1/2 Kb)
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cluster is a group...
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of disk sectors
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cluster size depends on....
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disk's size
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95/98 file system "="
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FAT
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MFT
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Master File Table
similar to FAT |
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size of cluster
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default cluster size depends on capacity and default MFT size
can specify when formatting |
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formatting (4)
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creates tracts and sectors
directory FAT optionally copies system files |
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FAT and Directory
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DOS, Win 95/98
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MFT and Directory
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Windows NT, 2000, 2003
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Disks/ Drives
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Aluminum "platters"
2 or more, both sides |
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Disks First: Now:
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10 MB, 1GB
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Tapes.. have no..
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sectors or cylinders
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tapes are...
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sequential (slow) high capacity, and have header info
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pits:
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indentations; less reflective
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lands:
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smooth; more reflective
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CD reader:
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intensity of eflection = 0,1
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CD-RW---- 3 dye layers
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dielectric to draw excess heat
crystalline: more reflective (erase) phase-change: non-crystalline (write) |
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600 degress
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highest, write power, non crystalline
laser intensity |
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200
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middle, creates crystalline (erase power)
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CD-R
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disks for music, archiving
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CD-RW
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disks for backup
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DVD-ROM
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digital video disk- read only memory
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DVD-ROM---how big?
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4.7 GB to 17GB
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what are the 5 kinds of memory?
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RAM
ROM CMOS Cache (virtual) |
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RAM consists of 3 kinds of data
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the internal OS instructions
Application program instructions Data |
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RAM is...
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volatiile
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with ram
power on= power off= sometime.... |
memory intact
memory gone flash RAM |
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RAM is working...
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memory
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RAM is directly controlled by..
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CPU
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