Aging Exam 2

Front 1

gerontologists who study minority aging must keep _______________ in mind

Back 1

minority group diversity

Front 2

minority elders tend to underuse __________

Back 2

formal supports

Front 3

the older white population has more ________ and lower _______ than minority group elders

Back 3

formal education; poverty rates

Front 4

size of minority aging population will __________________

Back 4

grow in size and in proportion to the dominant older population

Front 5

minority groups often face ________________ within the larger society

Back 5

prejudice and discrimination

Front 6

current health care system deals more with this type of illness

Back 6

chronic

Front 7

the health care system is better structured in dealing with what type of illness

Back 7

acute

Front 8

future problems in health care include….

Back 8

availability, accessibility, and coordination

Front 9

term that describes set amount of money per person

Back 9

capitation

Front 10

causes of rising healthcare costs (4)

Back 10

1.) expanded use of medical technology and services

2.) a lack of spending limits on physicians and hospitals

3.) inflation and especially inflation in medical care costs

4.) high administrative costs due to a decentralized insurance system

Front 11

medical model focuses on ___________

Back 11

diagnosis and cure of illness

Front 12

retirement income system in the U.S.

Back 12

consists of a combination of public and private income sources; referred to as the "three-legged stool"; government pension programs, employment pensions, and private savings

Front 13

defined contribution plans

Back 13

say how much workers have to pay into the plan, but they do not guarantee a specific return; shift pension responsibility to the worker; participation has increased

Front 14

the baby boom generation, a smaller number of future workers, and an increase in life expectancy will…...

Back 14

strain and cause a shortfall in social security payments; open new work options for older people

Front 15

reforms of the retirement income system

Back 15

pension reform, social security reform (family care; spousal pensions; widows' benefits; income limits), supplemental security income (improved benefits; improve state supplements; higher enrollment rates), and private pension reform (vesting; portability and indexing; better private plan insurance)

Front 16

a study of older people's incomes show that...

Back 16

retirement almost always leads to long-term decline in income and a consequent decline in living standards

Front 17

retirement principle

Back 17

proposes that people should leave work at a fixed age regardless of physical or mental ability

Front 18

older workers who want to stay at work….

Back 18

often take longer to find work and often give up

Front 19

the need for income, health insurance, and social contact will __________

Back 19

fuel this trend of working longer and staying in the labor force after retirement

Front 20

finances, health, or the desire for leisure activity are examples of ________ leading the retirement

Back 20

forces

Front 21

a second career means _______________

Back 21

working at something you love to do or something you have always wanted to do; differs from leisure or a person's midlife career; people set their own goals and express their own identities

Front 22

the tendency to live alone increases with ______, especially for ______

Back 22

age; women

Front 23

aging in place requires…...

Back 23

that the person have the capability to age in the place they choose

Front 24

a term for a house that is wheelchair accessible, has non-slip flooring, etc.

Back 24

universal design

Front 25

nursing homes are for older people who need ____________

Back 25

medical and personal care

Front 26

a senior housing option that charges and entrance fee, a monthly fee, and guarantees housing for the rest of their lives

Back 26

continuous care retirement communities

Front 27

define/discuss formal support system

Back 27

include government programs, health care services, community centers, and ethnic associations; members of the white group will have access to and make the most use of these

Front 28

define/discuss informal support system

Back 28

people who are part of the family's personal social network; this could include a relative, friend, neighbor, or a colleague from work; more minority elders use informal support systems

Front 29

define/discuss minority groups

Back 29

a minority is a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group living within a larger society; minority group members have a sense of peoplehood and shared origins; they often face prejudice and discrimination within the larger society; four minority groups discussed are african americans, hispanic americans, asian american/pacific islanders, and american indians/alaskan natives; differ from whites in mortality, fertility, and migration

Front 30

define/discuss peter pan housing

Back 30

housing designed as if the owners will never grow old; many older households need at least one modification such as a grab bar or ramp, but not many people have these; older people could prevent falls through home modification

Front 31

define/discuss managed care

Back 31

managed care plans promise some control of health care costs and usage rates; based on capitated payments, which means that a payer prepays a set amount per person per month for care; most programs are HMOs; social health maintenance organizations (SHMOs) put together an array of services that suit the needs of older people

Front 32

define/discuss medicare

Back 32

health care for older people and is the largest pool of insured people in the US; contains two parts, hospital insurance (part A) and supplementary medical insurance (part B); over time, it has covered less and less of older people's medical costs

Front 33

define/discuss medicaid

Back 33

serves low income Americans of all ages; federal and state governments jointly fund this program; widowed, divorced, and never-married seniors (many of them women) have the highest rates of medicaid use; also finances long-term care for eligible people

Front 34

define/discuss long-term care

Back 34

includes in-home services and community-based services, as well as institutional care; long-term care needs increase with age; two types are institutional care (nursing homes) and community-based services (in-home and assisted living options)

Front 35

define/discuss PPS (prospective payment system)

Back 35

the government set up a PPS to control hospital costs; PPS encouraged hospitals to discharge patients on schedule or sooner; PPS poses many problems for older people

Front 36

define/discuss three-legged stool

Back 36

gerontologists often refer to the mix of public pensions and other governmental transfers, work and assets, and private pensions as the three-legged stool of the retirement income system; most people will need income from each part of the system to maintain their preretirement lifestyles

Front 37

define/discuss contribution plan

Back 37

say how much workers need to pay into the plan, but do not guarantee a specific return; the return depends on the investments the worker has made with the money paid in; these plans have increased

Front 38

define/discuss benefit plan

Back 38

promise a set amount to workers when they retire; often base this figure on a person's salary and his or her number of years of service; these plans have decreased

Front 39

define/discuss discouraged worker

Back 39

someone who gives up on looking for work; some older workers with long work records prefer to retire on their pensions; other workers leave the labor force bc they can't get the kind of jobs they like; still, others want to avoid age discrimination in the hiring process

Front 40

define/discuss assisted living apartments

Back 40

add personal services and some health care to congregate housing amenities; they provide services that optimize physical and psychological independence; provide 24-hour care and supervision

Front 41

define/discuss NORC (naturally occurring retirement communities)

Back 41

a building or neighborhood where at least half of the people are age 60 or over; people living in these communities say they like living with older people; minority older people may find themselves in a NORC because of racial segregation