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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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insulin/IGF-1 signaling shorten or extend lifesepan |
extend lifespan |
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TOR signaling shorten or extend lifespan |
inhibition of pathway increases lifespan |
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AMP kinase shorten or extend lifespan |
extend lifespan |
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sirtuins shorten or extend lifespan |
extend lifespan |
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confluence |
single layer of cells all touching |
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contact inhibition |
cells stop dividing at confluence point |
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hayflick number/limit |
maximum number of population doublings for a given cell type |
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growth phase I |
initial outgrowth |
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growth phase II |
proliferation and subculturing |
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growth phase III |
senescence and loss of division potential, cells start to look different |
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cancer cells will overlap and pile up due to |
loss of contact inhibition; not inhibited by it |
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cancer cells Hayflick number
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infinite; they're immortal |
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do cells from young individuals have a higher or lower Hayflick number |
higher Hayflick number |
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do cells from individuals with progeria have a higher or lower Hayflick number than from normal individuals |
lower Hayflick number |
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telomere
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repetitive DNA sequences on ends of chromosomes |
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effects of being frozen on cell growth andt Hayflick number
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cells remember where they left off and continued to original Hayflick number |
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telomerase |
enzyme complex that lengthens telomeres; adds sequences back |
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apoptosis |
regulated (programmed) cell death |
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caspases |
enzyme markers for apoptosis |
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extracellular signals of apoptosis |
toxins, hormones, growth factor, cytokines |
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intracellular signals of apoptosis |
stress response |
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hypertrophy |
increase in cell size, increase in tissue/organ size |
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inhibition of apoptosis |
cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease, viral infections, etc. |
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hyperactive apoptosis |
neurodegenerative disease |
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causes of hypertrophy |
hormone stimulation, increased functional demand |
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hyperplasia |
increase in number of cells, increase in tissue/organ size |
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high capacity/high turnover cell types |
epidermis, intestinal epithelium, fibroblasts, hemopoetic cells in bone marrow, hepatocytes |
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moderate capacity/moderate turnover cell types |
bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle |
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limited capacity/limited turnover cell types |
nerve cells, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle |
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metaplasia |
conversion of one adult cell type to another cell type |
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dysplasia |
variation in size and shape of cells, tissue, or ograns |
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epithelium |
lining of body surfaces, tubes, and sacs, most glands |
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continuous mitotic renewal rate of epidermis of skin |
2-4 week renewal |
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continuous mitotic renewal rate of intestinal epithelium |
3-7 day renewal |
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continuous mitotic renewal rate of liver cells |
1.5 year turnover |
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growth/renewal |
cells turn over (mitosis) and matrix (extracellular) turns over |
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