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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Senescence |
aging |
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Cupid |
cumulative; aging accumulates |
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cUpid |
universal; happens to every living organism |
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eugeric |
aging without disease, still show age, more of a concept than reality |
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pathogeric |
aging n the presence of disease |
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gerontology |
study of aging process |
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geriatrics |
medical aspects of aging |
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extrinsic |
disease, stress, environment, all aging factors that externally influence person |
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intrinsic |
built-in aging factor |
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smallest functional unit in the body |
the cell |
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how many cells in the body |
50 trillion |
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how many different types of cells |
200 |
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homeostasis |
maintenance of a relative constant internal environment |
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external environment |
the environment outside the body that cells are exposed to |
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internal environment |
the environment of the cells |
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intracellular |
the internal environment of the cells |
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extracellular/intracellular |
the internal environment outside/between the cells |
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do cells in the body interact to maintain homeostasis |
they must, by way of hierarchal arrangement |
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what kind of feedback is homeostasis controlled by |
negative feedback systems |
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variable |
condition being controlled that can change |
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receptor |
detects changes in the variable |
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processing center |
organ or system that regulates the variable |
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comparator |
compares the variable with the acceptable range |
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set point |
midpoint of the acceptable range |
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effector |
returns variable to acceptable point (set point) |
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negative feedback |
effector works opposite to the change in the variable |
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positive feedback |
effector works in the same direction as the change in the variable |
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stressor |
events or environmental agents responsible for initiating stress |
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exogenous stress |
from external environment |
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endogenous stress |
from internal environment |
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acute stressor |
event that occurs within short period of time |
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sequential stressor |
stressor initiates a series of stress producing events, one thing sets off another |
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chronic intermittent stressor |
stressor acts at intermittent time intervals over long period of time |
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chronic sustained stressor |
continuously exposed to stressor over long period of time |
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physiological stressor response |
response is relatively specific to type of stress; predictable |
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psychological stressor response |
response is not as specific |
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factors determining the nature of stress response |
properties of stressor, condition of individual, internal and external factors |
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components of stress response |
nervous system, endocrine system, immune system |
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adaptation |
ability of cells to adjust to stressors |
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health |
a dynamic state in which energy must be expanded continuously in order to adapt to life's stressors |
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normal |
acceptable variation around a mean |
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disease |
departure from the normal physiologic state of a living organism sufficient to produce overt signs and symptoms |
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sign |
objective indicator usually noted by another person |
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lesion |
objective variation from the normal, an abnormal sign |
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types of lesions |
morphological, physical, chemical, functional impairment |
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symptom |
a subjective abnormality usually noted by the patient |
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illness |
discomfort and inability to function optimally |
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syndrome |
a defined set of lesions, signs, and symptoms |
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etiology |
study of disease causes |
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idiopathic disease |
we don't know the cause of the disease |
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innate disease |
build in, always had it |
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essential/primary disease |
main form |
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initial cause of disease may come from |
within the organism, from course of medical treatment, or from external agent |
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iatrogenic disease |
from course of medical treatment |
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external agents |
physical, toxins, drugs, biological ex/broken bones |
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typical development of disease |
subcellular - cellular - tissue - whole organism/gross |
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prognosis |
predicting an outcome, a prediction |
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remission |
disease remains but manifestations are reduced, signs and symptoms go away |
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complication |
one disease makes another disease worse |
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intercurrent |
one disease is happening while another is in progress, concurrent diseases |
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typical detection of disease |
whole organism/gross - molecular |
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angiography |
inject an opaque dye into blood circulation and examine through x ray |
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computerized tomography (CT) |
uses x ray to detect changes in opacity and create an image |
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make a picture |
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ultrasound |
using sound or other vibrations to create an image |
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nuclear medicine |
localization of isotopes and nuclides, using isotopes to map out location |
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choosing which isotope to use |
short half life so it doesn't stick around, inert biologically, enough radiation to be detectable |
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thoracotomy surgery |
surgery in thorax |
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laparotomy surgery |
surgery in abdominal cavity |
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craniotomy surgery |
surgery in cranial cavity |
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"otomy" |
cut into |
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biopsy |
removal of tissue from a living organism; common |
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cytology |
flushed, scraped, or aspirated cells for analysis |
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autopsy |
analysis of dead tissue/organisms to find out cause of death
|
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necropsy |
analysis of dead tissue/organisms, looking at dead tissue from dead organisms |
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stable population |
birth rate = death rate |
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increasing population |
birth rate > death rate |
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decreasing population |
birth rate < death rate |
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cohort |
age group, people born at the same time |
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x = |
age interval |
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lx = |
number of individuals alive at beginning of interval |
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dx = |
number of individuals who died in/during interval |
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qx = |
age specific death rate = dx/lx a probability number |
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when did sanitation, antiseptics, and improvement in food prep and storage in US transition |
1900 |
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biggest factor of survivoship increasing in 1900s |
Fleming discovering penicillin |
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death thresholds |
exposure to various stressors |
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vigor |
capability to adapt |
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aging process in individuals |
decline of physiological function in relation to the probability of death with increasing age |
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cross-sectional studies |
studying chunks of each population/cohort all at once |
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advantages of cross-sectional studies |
speed, fundability |
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drawbacks of cross-sectional studies |
variability among individuals, social and environmental event, selective mortality |
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longitudinal (cohort) study |
follow through with one age group over long span of time |
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advantages of longitudinal study |
provides info about given individuals as they age, examine influence of various events on aging process in individuals |
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drawbacks of longitudinal study |
expensive and require long periods of time to get results, requires long term commitment, changing technology, subjects may become "trained", events may influence outcome, have fewer old than young, results dependent on demographic of cohort |
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chronological age |
passing of years |
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physiological age |
rate of aging |
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biomarker |
measurable substance in an organism indicating age |
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autonomous transplantation aging process |
happens by itself |
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nonautonomous transplantation aging process |
other physiogical systems involved |
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bud scars |
can count to indicate age of yeast |
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fecund animals |
have a lot of offspring |
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Verhulst equation |
dN/dt = rN (1-N/K) |
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N |
population of species |
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r |
maximum growth rate of population |
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k |
carrying capacity of local environment |
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r selected species |
most of energy goes into producing a large amount of offspring |
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k selected species |
have a lower of number of offspring but put in lots of energy to raise them, tend to live beyond reproductive age |
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problems of documenting age |
unreliable documentation, false documentation |
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common factors of longevity |
low fat diet, high vegetable, low body fat, constant physical activity, minimal stress, "safe" environment, stoic life style |
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progeria (hutchinson-guliford syndrome) |
accelerated aging genetic condition |
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werner's syndrome |
accelerated aging genetic condition |
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necrosis |
cell death, injury, and damage |