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112 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Senescence

aging

Cupid

cumulative; aging accumulates

cUpid

universal; happens to every living organism

eugeric

aging without disease, still show age, more of a concept than reality

pathogeric

aging n the presence of disease

gerontology

study of aging process

geriatrics

medical aspects of aging

extrinsic

disease, stress, environment, all aging factors that externally influence person

intrinsic

built-in aging factor

smallest functional unit in the body

the cell

how many cells in the body

50 trillion

how many different types of cells

200

homeostasis

maintenance of a relative constant internal environment

external environment

the environment outside the body that cells are exposed to

internal environment

the environment of the cells

intracellular

the internal environment of the cells

extracellular/intracellular

the internal environment outside/between the cells

do cells in the body interact to maintain homeostasis

they must, by way of hierarchal arrangement

what kind of feedback is homeostasis controlled by

negative feedback systems

variable

condition being controlled that can change

receptor

detects changes in the variable

processing center

organ or system that regulates the variable

comparator

compares the variable with the acceptable range

set point

midpoint of the acceptable range

effector

returns variable to acceptable point (set point)

negative feedback

effector works opposite to the change in the variable

positive feedback

effector works in the same direction as the change in the variable

stressor

events or environmental agents responsible for initiating stress

exogenous stress

from external environment

endogenous stress

from internal environment

acute stressor

event that occurs within short period of time

sequential stressor

stressor initiates a series of stress producing events, one thing sets off another

chronic intermittent stressor

stressor acts at intermittent time intervals over long period of time

chronic sustained stressor

continuously exposed to stressor over long period of time

physiological stressor response

response is relatively specific to type of stress; predictable

psychological stressor response

response is not as specific

factors determining the nature of stress response

properties of stressor, condition of individual, internal and external factors

components of stress response

nervous system, endocrine system, immune system

adaptation

ability of cells to adjust to stressors

health

a dynamic state in which energy must be expanded continuously in order to adapt to life's stressors

normal

acceptable variation around a mean

disease

departure from the normal physiologic state of a living organism sufficient to produce overt signs and symptoms

sign

objective indicator usually noted by another person

lesion

objective variation from the normal, an abnormal sign

types of lesions

morphological, physical, chemical, functional impairment

symptom

a subjective abnormality usually noted by the patient

illness

discomfort and inability to function optimally

syndrome

a defined set of lesions, signs, and symptoms

etiology

study of disease causes

idiopathic disease

we don't know the cause of the disease

innate disease

build in, always had it

essential/primary disease

main form

initial cause of disease may come from

within the organism, from course of medical treatment, or from external agent

iatrogenic disease

from course of medical treatment

external agents

physical, toxins, drugs, biological ex/broken bones

typical development of disease

subcellular - cellular - tissue - whole organism/gross

prognosis

predicting an outcome, a prediction

remission

disease remains but manifestations are reduced, signs and symptoms go away

complication

one disease makes another disease worse

intercurrent

one disease is happening while another is in progress, concurrent diseases

typical detection of disease

whole organism/gross - molecular

angiography

inject an opaque dye into blood circulation and examine through x ray

computerized tomography (CT)

uses x ray to detect changes in opacity and create an image

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make a picture

ultrasound

using sound or other vibrations to create an image

nuclear medicine

localization of isotopes and nuclides, using isotopes to map out location

choosing which isotope to use

short half life so it doesn't stick around, inert biologically, enough radiation to be detectable

thoracotomy surgery

surgery in thorax

laparotomy surgery

surgery in abdominal cavity

craniotomy surgery

surgery in cranial cavity

"otomy"

cut into

biopsy

removal of tissue from a living organism; common

cytology

flushed, scraped, or aspirated cells for analysis

autopsy

analysis of dead tissue/organisms to find out cause of death

necropsy

analysis of dead tissue/organisms, looking at dead tissue from dead organisms

stable population

birth rate = death rate

increasing population

birth rate > death rate

decreasing population

birth rate < death rate

cohort

age group, people born at the same time

x =

age interval

lx =

number of individuals alive at beginning of interval

dx =

number of individuals who died in/during interval

qx =

age specific death rate = dx/lx


a probability number

when did sanitation, antiseptics, and improvement in food prep and storage in US transition

1900

biggest factor of survivoship increasing in 1900s

Fleming discovering penicillin

death thresholds

exposure to various stressors

vigor

capability to adapt

aging process in individuals

decline of physiological function in relation to the probability of death with increasing age

cross-sectional studies

studying chunks of each population/cohort all at once

advantages of cross-sectional studies

speed, fundability

drawbacks of cross-sectional studies

variability among individuals, social and environmental event, selective mortality

longitudinal (cohort) study

follow through with one age group over long span of time

advantages of longitudinal study

provides info about given individuals as they age, examine influence of various events on aging process in individuals

drawbacks of longitudinal study

expensive and require long periods of time to get results, requires long term commitment, changing technology, subjects may become "trained", events may influence outcome, have fewer old than young, results dependent on demographic of cohort

chronological age

passing of years

physiological age

rate of aging

biomarker

measurable substance in an organism indicating age

autonomous transplantation aging process

happens by itself

nonautonomous transplantation aging process

other physiogical systems involved

bud scars

can count to indicate age of yeast

fecund animals

have a lot of offspring

Verhulst equation

dN/dt = rN (1-N/K)

N

population of species

r

maximum growth rate of population

k

carrying capacity of local environment

r selected species

most of energy goes into producing a large amount of offspring

k selected species

have a lower of number of offspring but put in lots of energy to raise them, tend to live beyond reproductive age

problems of documenting age

unreliable documentation, false documentation

common factors of longevity

low fat diet, high vegetable, low body fat, constant physical activity, minimal stress, "safe" environment, stoic life style

progeria (hutchinson-guliford syndrome)

accelerated aging genetic condition

werner's syndrome

accelerated aging genetic condition

necrosis

cell death, injury, and damage