Aging And Adulthood Final Exam

Front 1

What is the diathesis stress model?

Back 1

A framework for understanding <B>why disorders occur in some individuals and not others</b>

Diathesis refers to <B>individual’s level of vulnerability</b> (e.g., genetic propensity, psychological factors)

Stress refers to <B>negative events </b>(e.g., loss)

Front 2

What are the 5 axes of the DSM-IV?

Back 2

(I) List of <b>clinical symptoms</b> - depression, schizophrenia, panic disorders

(II) List of <b>developmental/personality disorders</b> - paranoid personality disorder, retardation

(III) List of <b>physical/medical disorders</b> - asthma

(IV) Checklist of<b> psychosocial stressors</b> - divorce, loss of spouse, loss of job

(V) A <b>Global Assessment of Functioning</b> scale - level of function

Front 3

What are risk factors for depression?

Back 3

<B>Gender</b>
more women than men up to age 80, but after age 80 more men than women

<B>Physical illness</b> and use of <B>medication</b>

Stressful life events (e.g., loss)

Being sole <B>caregiver</b> for chronically ill family member (caregiver burden)

Possibly <B>cerebrovascular</b> factors (vascular depression)

Front 4

What is the Geriatric Depression Screening Scale?

Back 4

GDS

A 30-item self-report measure to screen for <B>depression</b>
Scale deemphasizes bodily questions and <B>focuses on feelings</B>

Front 5

Highest rate of completed suicide is in older ________________ men

Back 5

European American

Front 6

What is hypochondriasis?

Back 6

<B>Somatoform disorder </b>(symptoms are physical although physical findings negative)

Person is preoccupied with illness and concern with bodily functions and seeks medical attention

Person resists suggestion symptoms may be related to emotional stress

May be a longstanding personality dimension

Front 7

What are paranoid disorders usually associated with?

Back 7

sensory impairment (vision and/or hearing)

Front 8

Older drinkers are vulnerable to

Back 8

accidents and falls

Front 9

What is delirium?

Back 9

<B>Acute physiological brain dysfunction</b> with sudden onset (e.g., following surgery, medications, etc.)

Confusion, disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, altered/fluctuating consciousness

Can be hyperactive or hypoactive

Can be treated successfully once cause is identified

Front 10

What is dementia?

Back 10

A <B>cognitive disorder</b> on DSM-IV Axis I

Most frequently found in <B>institutionalized </b>older adults (58%)

Deficits in <B>memory, language, orientation, reasoning, problem solving</b>

Normal level of consciousness till late in the disorder (unlike delirium)

Front 11

What is alzheimer's disease?

Back 11

Irreversible brain disorder (not normal aging)

Comes on gradually and can continue over a period of 8, 10, or even 20 years with a steady downhill progression

<B>Death of brain cells and breakdown of connections </b>between them as well as <B>formation of neuritic plaques </b>and <B>neurofibrillary tangles</b> in the brain

Front 12

What are risk factors for alzheimer's?

Back 12

<B>Gender</b>— women more susceptible than men

<B>Age</b>— greater probability as people reach the old-old and oldest old years

There is speculation about the following factors:
Low education
Low level of cognitive engagement and stimulation
Lifestyle factors (exercise, diet, etc.)
Genetics

Front 13

What is vascular dementia?

Back 13

Second most common form of dementia in older adults

Associated with <B>cerebrovascular disorders, strokes, lesions, and high blood pressure</b>

Comes on <B>abruptly</b>, and has a stepwise fluctuating progression

Symptoms can overlap with AD

Can coexist with AD

More common in older men than older women

Front 14

What is the activity theory?

Back 14

Older adults substitute <B>new roles</b> when old ones are lost.

Older adults disengage ONLY because of <B>circumstances beyond their control.</b>

Older adults who do this successfully enjoy <B>high life satisfaction.</b>

Front 15

What is the disengagement theory?

Back 15

Older adults <B>voluntarily withdraw from earlier roles</b>

<B>Society withdraws </b>from older adults

Older adults allowed to withdraw experience high life satisfaction

Front 16

What is the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory�?

Back 16

A newer <u>life-span model </u>that proposes: “<B>reduced social interaction</b> in older adulthood reflects a lifelong selection process”.

<u>Close social relationships</u> are maintained while more superficial ones are filtered out.

Age-related reductions in social interactions can be adaptive.

Front 17

What are the two main motives (goals) for social interaction?

Back 17

<B>Information seeking</b> (more important in earlier life and calls for novel social interactions). Social interactions also help us to mold how we perceive ourselves (in later adulthood there is less need to acquire new information for future use, and less motivation to develop identity).

<B>Emotional regulation or Emotional fulfillment </b>(more important later in life and calls for familiar social interactions). Social interactions, especially pleasant ones, fulfill emotional needs (often familiar social interactions are more likely gratifying, and intimate than novel ones).

Front 18

What is the social exchange theory?

Back 18

Social interactions entail both <b>rewards</b> (positive feelings) and <b>costs</b> (unpleasant feelings).

In an unbalanced interaction, one partner has more power (another individual or an institution) and the less powerful partner may withdraw.

Front 19

What is Ombudsman?

Back 19

<B>Watchdog</B> = person that act as trusted intermediary between individuals and institutions (they try to maintain a balance interaction)

Front 20

What is the convoys model?

Back 20

People in a social convoy are close (<b>contact on a regular basis</b>), provide social and other <b>support </b>(assistance, help, we can <b>confide</b>, we want to spend time) over a long time.

A convoy usually includes both <b>family members and close friends</b>

Front 21

What is the support bank?

Back 21

Can happen that we make deposit into a Support Bank by giving more support than we receive. Later, we may need more support than we can give, at which point we feel it is legitimate to make withdrawals from the support bank.

Front 22

What are types of families?

Back 22

Family of origin (children prospective) - family which you're from

Family of procreation (parent prospective) - family you create

Extended family household (2+ generations/same roof)

Modified extended family (gran+ parents+ siblings+ etc)

Blended family (result of divorce and remarriage)

Beanpole family structure (4+ generations, few members)

Front 23

What is upswing hypothesis?

Back 23

(a phenomenon)

Marital satisfaction is highest early, dips with arrival of children, but later on shows an increase

Individuals who remain in a marital relationship for a long time may represent a select subgroup.

Front 24

What is the Intergenerational stake hypothesis?

Back 24

<B>Older adults are more reluctant than their children to admit that any tension exists in their relationship</b>.

Older parents perceive their adult children in a more favorable light than adult children perceive their older parents.

The most common area of conflict older adult reported had to do with lifestyle choices (adult children: communication issues).

Front 25

What are the 3 grandparenting styles?

Back 25

<B>Remote grandparents</b> (Formal, often live far from grandchildren)

<B>Companionate grandparents</B> (Entertaining leisure activities with grandchildren)

<B>Involved grandparents </b>(Regular care of grandchildren)

Front 26

Sibling relationships - what is the hourglass effect?

Back 26

<B>Ties are strongest earlier in life</b>, <b>weaken in early and middle adulthood</b> (distance, family of procreation, career), but are <B>reactivated later</b> on (free time, # friend reduce, no more conflict, return to the location of family, value of memories).

Hierarchical compensatory model

Front 27

Sibling relationships - what is the Hierarchical compensatory model?

Back 27

Older adults turn to siblings (lower in hierarchy) for help when spouse or adult children unavailable (divorce, death, distance)

Front 28

What are categories of sibling relationships?

Back 28

<B>Intimate siblings</b> (highly devoted)

<B>Congenial siblings</b> (strong friendship and caring)

<B>Loyal siblings </b>(bond on shared fam. background)

<B>Apathetic siblings</b> (not close, not interested)

<B>Hostile siblings </B>(avoid one another)

Front 29

What are peripheral social relationships?

Back 29

<B>Not intimate</b> members of older adult’s social network

Are important <B>familiar contacts</b> in everyday life

Front 30

The most common types of elderly abuse in order of prevalence are:

Back 30

financial exploitation, neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse.

Front 31

Three factors associated with caregiver’s feeling and fear that they would become violent are:

Back 31

1. Living in the same household
2. Low self-esteem
3. Caring for an elderly relative who is physically aggressive

Front 32

Two factors associated with caregiver’s admitting to actually engaging in violent acts toward an elderly recipient are:

Back 32

1. Violent behavior on the part of the elderly care recipient
2. Being a spousal caregiver

Front 33

What is the situational model of elderly abuse?

Back 33

<B>Elderly abuse is a caregiver’s response to a stressful situation.</b>

The total dependency of an older adult on a single caregiver creates an especially heavy burden.

Long hours caring for a frail older adult with no relief can lead to exhaustion, frustration, and social isolation, and ultimately to abuse.

Availability of adult day-care services has proven helpful in reducing the stress and increasing the psychological well-being of family caregivers.

Front 34

What are Riley's social structures?

Back 34

<B>Age-differentiated Social Structure</b>
Education: young
Work: middle-aged
Leisure: old



<B>Age-integrated Social Structure</b>
Education: young, middle-aged, old
Work: young, middle-aged, old
Leisure: young, middle-aged, old

Front 35

What are older adult's work strategies?

Back 35

<b>Selection</b>
Strategies would include efforts to restrict or narrow one’s range of work activities.

<b>Optimization</b>
Strategies would include efforts to maximize one’s work capabilities.

<b>Compensation</b>
Strategies would include efforts to create a positive impression by downplaying deficiencies and presenting oneself in a positive light

<sub> Selection
Endorsed more by man (managerial position)

<sub>Optimization and Compensation
Endorsed more by woman (administrative/clerical position)

Front 36

________ evidence that voluntary retirement causes poor physical or mental health.

Back 36

Little

Front 37

Loss of work role does not usually result in an identity crisis. True or false

Back 37

true

Front 38

Dual-earner couples who time their retirements to coincide and who share household chores seem to have a low level of well-being. True or false

Back 38

False

Front 39

What is social security (U.S.)?

Back 39

Social Security benefits were actually intended as a financial cushion and NOT the sole source of income.

Federally sponsored public pension plan established in 1935

Older adults must work required number of quarters to qualify for benefits. Dollar amount based on the salary they earned.

Full benefits are paid at ages 65, 66, or 67 (depending on worker’s year of birth). Reduced benefits are available at age 62. A spouse who has not worked outside the home qualifies for benefits

Front 40

What are the phases of retirement?

Back 40

<B>Preretirement phase</b>
(workers make plans for retirement)

<B>Honeymoon phase </b>
(period of euphoria an high lev of activities)

<b>Disenchantment phase </b>
(feeling of boredom or even depression)

Front 41

What is role-exit process?

Back 41

the inclination to view a job more burdensome (tension and fatigue) as the retirement target date draws near.

Gradual psychological disengagement from the work role in preparation for actual retirement.

Worker with less stable jobs would not engage in the role-exit process.

Front 42

What is busy ethic?

Back 42

“I am busier now than when I was working!”

Applicable to retirees ages 65-74 in good health.

What is important is they feel busy and other people believe it.

Age-related slowing could influence older retirees’ perception of how busy they are.

POSSIBLE REASONS: Active life-style is socially desirable in America society

Front 43

What are stages in long distance migration?

Back 43

<B>Amenity migration</b>
Often occurs in the young-old years to retirement communities with golf courses, swimming pools, etc. people in good health, intact marriage, adequate financial resource.

<B>Independence maintenance migration</b>
Often occurs in the old-old years and is in reverse direction to be closer to family members. Individuals are beginning to experience moderate physical or cognitive difficulties, spouse died, not ideal financial resources.

<B>Dependency moves</b>
Often involuntary when a more supportive environment needed. Individuals who do have more severe disabilities.

Front 44

What is reverse mortgage?

Back 44

homeowners sell the equity in the house in exchange for a lump sum payment while they are still living in it.

Front 45

What are types of housing?

Back 45

<b>Age-integrated housing </b>(apartments/condomin.)
<B>No specific age </B>requirement for residents
No services on the premises, independent
Less maintenance, greater security, public transp.

<b>Age-segregated housing</b>
Residents <B>over a particular age</b>, often 62
Often some services on premises (dining, social activities, transportation)
Appropriate for older adults with health problems, physical disabilities, or sensory losses that make living in a age-integrated housing difficult or unsafe

Front 46

What is an adult congregate living facility?

Back 46

Age requirement (often 62)

Relative independency

They serve at least one meal a day in a common dining area

Provide housekeeping services

Provide transportations

Front 47

What is the dying trajectory?

Back 47

Rate of decline in functioning that precedes death

<B>Sudden trajectory</b>— death occurs instantaneously with little warning (car accident)

<B>Gradual trajectory</b>— death certain to occur, but not immediately (Alzheimer disease)

Front 48

What are end of life decisions?

Back 48

Will— document stating how individuals want their property distributed upon their death

Living will— document stating the medical intervention individuals would choose if they become incapable of doing so - advance directive
�

Durable power of attorney in health-care matters— document designating who will make health-care decisions for a person who is unable to - advance directive

Front 49

What is durable power of attorney in Canada?

Back 49

<b>A Continuing Power of Attorney for Property</b> (CPOA) covers your <B>financial affairs</b> and allows the person you name to act for you <I>even if you become mentally incapable</i>.

<b>A non-continuing Power of Attorney for Property</b> covers your <B>financial affairs </B>but <I>can’t be used if you become mentally incapable</i>. You might give this Power of Attorney, for example, if you need someone to look after your financial transactions while you’re away from home for an extended period of time.

<b>A Power of Attorney for Personal Care</b> (POAPC) covers your personal decisions, such as <B>housing and health care.</b>

Front 50

What are Kubler-Ross' stages of death and dying?

Back 50

<B>Denial</b>- belief that the diagnosis is wrong. Allow time for the individual to take the shocking news.

<B>Anger</b>- as the realization begins to sink in that there is no mistake

<B>Bargaining</b>- bargain for more time or a 2nd chance by promising to be on their best behaviour.

<B>Depression</b>- sense of loss and sadness that life is coming to an end. Tendency to withdraw from emotional attachment to all but a few people.

<b>Acceptance</b>- individual reaches a state of peace that the end is near.

Front 51

What are the types of euthanasia?

Back 51

<B>Passive euthanasia</b>: withholding action that would sustain a patient’s life

<B>Active euthanasia</b>: taking action to induce a patient’s death

Front 52

In U.S. and Canada euthanasia is illegal. True or false

Back 52

True

Front 53

What is the difference between bereavement and grief?

Back 53

<B>Bereavement</B>— the situation and process of adjusting to the loss of a loved one

<B>Grief</B>— the affect, or emotional response, to bereavement

Front 54

Become a Widow (woman) or a Widower (man) involves the events of:

Back 54

A spouse death
Funeral
Period of bereavement

When a spouse suffers from a long-term illness the process of becoming a widow or widower may actually start before the actual event of death.

Front 55

Successful mastery of the bereavement process is thought to involve 3 tasks:

Back 55

1. Accepting the loss intellectually (be able to make sense why the loss occurred)

2. Accepting the loss emotionally (no longer feeling the need to avoid reminders of the loss)

3. Recovering to a normal level of functioning

Front 56

After a period of bereavement, older adult must build or strengthen new social ties, perhaps by substituting new activities and goals.

Back 56

true

Front 57

Compared to widowers (men), widows (women):

Back 57

are less likely to remarry
are more economically disadvantaged
are more likely to have a social network of other widows
must learn to handle financial tasks

Front 58

Compared to widows (women), widowers (men):

Back 58

are more likely to remarry
are better off economically
must learn to do household tasks

Front 59

Who are the victims of elder abuse?

Back 59

age 75 and up

Front 60

What Acts prohibit discrimination based on age?

Back 60

Canadian Human Rights Act

Age Discrimination in Employment Act in America

Front 61

Who claims age discrimination?

Back 61

Men:
More likely to claim age discrimination
Senior managers and professionals
European descent