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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
structural changes of Atria |
increased size of left atrium Thickening of the endocardium |
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Functional changes of Atria |
Increased Atrial Irritability |
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History and Physical findings associated with age related changes of the Atria |
Irregular heart rhythm from atrial dysrhythmias |
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Strucutral changes of left ventricle |
Endocardial fibrosis Myocardial thickening (hypertrophy) Infiltration of fat into myocardium |
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Functional changes of left ventricle |
Left ventricle stiff and less compliant Progressive decline in cardiac output Increased Risk for ventricular dysrhythmias Prolonged systole. |
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H&P findings associated with age related changes of the left ventricle |
Fatigue Decreased excercise tolerance Signs and symptoms of HF or ventricular dysrhythmias Point of maximal impulse palpated lateral to the midclavicular line decreased intensity S1, S2; split S2 S4 may be present. |
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Stuctural changes of heart valves |
Thickening and ridgidity of AV valves Calcification of aortic valve |
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Functional changes of heart valves |
Abnormal blood flow across valves during cardiac cycle |
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H & P findings associated with strucutral and functional changes of heart valves |
Murmurs may be present Thrill may be palpated if significant murmur is present |
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Strucutral changes in conduction system |
Connective tissue collects in SA node, AV node, and bundle branches Decreased number of SA node cells Decreased number of AV, bundle of HIS, and right and left bundle branch cells
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Functional changes in conduction system |
Slower SA node rate of impulse discharge Slowed conduction across AV node and ventricular conduction system. |
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H & P findings associated with structural and functional in conduction system |
Bradycardia Heartblock ECG changes consistent with slowed conduction ( increased PR interval, widended QRS complex) |
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Strucutral changes in sympathetic nervous system |
Decreased response to beta-adrenergic stimulation
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Functional changes in sympathetic nervous system |
Decreased Adaptive Response to exercise: Contractility and heart rate slower to respond to exercise demands Heart Rate takes more time to return to baseline |
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H&P findings associated with structural and functional changes in sympathetic nervous system |
Fatigue Diminished exercise tolerance Decreased ability to respond to stress |
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Structural changes in Aorta and arteries |
stiffening of vasculature Decreased elasticity and widening of aorta Elongation of aorta, displacing the brachiocephalic artery upward |
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Functional changes in Aorta and Arteries |
Left ventricular hypertorphy |
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H & P findings associated with strucutral and functional changes in Aorta and Arteries |
Progressive increase in systolic BP Slight increase in diastolic BP Widening pulse pressure Pulsation visible above right clavicle |
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Structural changes in Baroreceptor Response |
Decreased sensitivity of baroreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta to transient episodes of hypertension and hypotension |
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Functional changes in Baroreceptor Response |
Baroreceptors unable to regulate heart rate and vascular tone, causing slow response to postural changes in body position |
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H&P findings associated with strucutral and functional changes in Baroreceptor Response |
Postural blood pressure changes and reports of feeling dizzy, fainting when moving from lying to sitting or standing position. |