Age Of Jackson

Front 1

Election of 1824

Back 1

Jackson, JQ Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford (Republican caucus nominated) run for president. House of Representatives (by 12th amendment) chooses JQ Adams b/c Clay is in position of power

Front 2

Corrupt Bargain

Back 2

Jacksonian’s thoughts about JQ Adams; were outraged because they thought that Clay and Adams were in cahoots. Clay had been appointed Adams’s Secretary of State – aka possible successor

Front 3

Caucus System

Back 3

Used by Republican Party to nominate presidential candidates for election; “King Caucus” is overthrown after 1820s because there was no more Federalist candidate

Front 4

Tariff of Abominations

Back 4

1828; nickname given by Southerners; raises tensions between North and South  Civil War; tariff is set on British manufactured goods; antagonizes the North (because they had to pay more for raw materials from South) and the South (because would help North more)

Front 5

Tariff of 1832

Back 5

is congressional tariff bill that offers south no relief

Nullification arises again in South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

Result of the tariff of abominations

Front 6

South Carolina Exposition and Protest *

Back 6

made by John C Calhoun in protest against Tariff of Abominations; said that South Carolina would secede if tariff wasn’t repealed; echoes nullification ideas presented in K and V resolutions

Front 7

Election of 1828

Back 7

Jackson (Democratic Republican) wins by a landslide against JQ Adams (National Republican); victory was sectional – north voted mostly for Adams; era of “common man” starts

Front 8

Alexis deTocqueville

Back 8

A French author who wrote about American social conditions, political ideas an religious observations. His books were influential - he advocated for racial segregation such as the Indian removal act.

Front 9

Whigs

Back 9

anti-Jacksonians; Martin Van Buren of NY proposes new kind of party (institutionalized party with permanent opposition, allowing for politicians to be attuned to the will of the people); factional rivalries had been present before, but in late 1820s this new idea of the party spread – by 1830s, 2 party system operated at national level (Whigs vs Democrats)

Front 10

Democrats

Back 10

Jacksonians; oldest political party; no longer “democratic republicans”

Front 11

Spoils System

Back 11

system enforced by Jackson; Jackson believed that entrenched officeholders were bad and undemocratic, so he fired federal officeholders and appointed his own followers to public office

Front 12

Political party Conventions

Back 12

1832, Jackson’s followers hate caucus b/c they thought it favored elites; stages a national party convention to allow the people to nominate candidates; thought to be more democratic, but political allies of president were usually appointed to office; precedent = anti-Mason nominating convention

Front 13

John C Calhoun

Back 13

(who had proposed the wildly controversial theory of nullification to prevent S. Carolina from seceding after the “tariff of abominations”)

Front 14

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet

Back 14

unofficial circle of President Jackson’s allies; included and Calhoun’s rival Martin Van Buren;

increased the rift b/w Calhoun and Jackson b/c he wasn't in it but Van Buren was

Front 15

Eaton Affair

Back 15

Jackson’s senator John Eaton has an affair with Peggy O’Neale, so Mrs. Calhoun rejects Peggy when Jackson names Eaton secretary of war; creates a rift between Jackson and John Calhoun and ends Calhoun’s dreams to presidency; Van Buren gains upper hand

Front 16

Webster-Hayne Debate

Back 16

Daniel Webster argues with Robert Hayne over states’ rights

Robert Hayne believes that tariff should be lowered, and that the South and West should band together to resist North tyranny

Webster believes this to be challenging integrity of the Union and challenges Hayne to a debate

Shows conflict between states’ rights and national power

Front 17

Battle of the Toasts

Back 17

At Jackson’s birthday dinner, Jackson shows support of Webster

Jackson believes the Union is the most important

He humiliates Calhoun, showing the rift between them

Front 18

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

Back 18

1832

Begins the nullification crisis

Nullifies the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Angers Jackson he builds up troops

Front 19

Force Bill

Back 19

1833

Authorizes president to use military to see that acts of Congress are obeyed

Raises possibility that he will respond with violence

Increases the amount of security in SC

Front 20

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Back 20

Proposed by Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser

South agrees to have the tariff be lowered gradually so that it can return to normal levels by 1842

Front 21

Black Hawk War

Back 21

1831-1832

Indians (Sauk and Fox) vs Whites in Illinois

Cause: Black Hawk and his followers refuse to acknowledge treaty giving Illinois tribal lands. They settle in Illinois and anger the whites, who assemble a militia

Vicious fighting for whites, even after Indians surrender. Black Hawk is captured and paraded as a trophy of war (however, dignified attitude earns him respect)

Front 22

Seminole War

Back 22

Seminole resistance to relocation 1835

Osceola and followers rebel to defend their lands

Guerilla warfare, years of fighting, costly for Americans

1842 – Conflict ends. Most Seminole are dead, but their relocation was never complete

Front 23

Five Civilized Tribes

Back 23

Tribes in the south that have established agricultural societies and sophisticated culture

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw

Cherokee ways of life change – shows influence of Whites

Front 24

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Back 24

got money to fund federal negotiations with Indians to get them to move off of their land

Approved by Jackson

Supported Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (had been passing state lays to regulate tribes; wanted to settle Indian lands)

Combines federal pressure with state pressure some weaker tribes acquiesce (but not Cherokee)

Front 25

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Back 25

1831; Cherokees fight for defense after Indian Removal Acts of 1830; Marshall can’t hear the case because Cherokees are a “domestic, dependent nation” that could not sue

Front 26

Worcester vs GA

Back 26

1832; Cherokees fight again

Marshall declares that states don’t have the right to regulate tribes. Only is within the power of the federal government

Jackson is angry. Does not enforce the decision

Front 27

Trail of Tears

Back 27

Cherokee movement to reservations in 1838; other of the Five Civilized tribes are forced to move too, to Indian Territory that Congress makes from the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834

Front 28

Maysville Road Veto

Back 28

1830

Jackson vetoes bill allowing Congress to provide money to build Maysville Road in Kentucky

He thinks that it isn’t a federal affair because the road lays completely in Kentucky and is not part of “interstate commerce”

Didn’t want gov’t to have extravagant expenditures

Front 29

Nicholas Biddle

Back 29

President of the BUS from 1823

Front 30

Hard money

Back 30

believes that all money should be backed by hard gold and silver, so didn’t like that the Bank of US was issuing bank notes (Jackson supports this)

Front 31

Soft money

Back 31

believes that state banks should have ability to issue bank notes to promote economy; liked bank notes unsupported by gold and silver; consisted of state bankers

Front 32

Bank of the US Recharter

Back 32

1832

Biddle allies with Webster and Clay to apply for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter

Jackson vetoes

The national bank is set to become a central issue in the 1832 elections

Jackson wins the election Bank War

Front 33

Roger Taney

Back 33

ally who Jackson appoints to place government deposits in state banks, instead of BUS

Front 34

Pet Banks

Back 34

nickname given by Jackson’s enemies for the banks he places gov’t deposits in

Bank War:

Biddle calls in loans and raises interest rates to cause a recession

Both sides blame each other for recession

Biddle loses in the end because he was threatening interests of business community

Front 35

Charles River Bridge vs. Warren

Back 35

2 companies are arguing over a toll bridge on Charles River

1st company claims it has a monopoly provided by a charter

2nd company wants to build a cheaper, toll free bridge

Taney rules in favor of 2nd company

Says it is the government’s duty to promote general happiness. Monopoly was benefitting from too much privilege

Shows the idea of Jackson Age that monopolies give older, privileged corporations a bad advantage over newer companies

Front 36

Whig Party (pt 2)

Back 36

Opposition to Jackson

Wanted a future of economic success

Named after Whigs in England, who tried to limit the king’s power

Wanted expanded power of federal government

Unification of economic system

Cautious of westward expansion because felt it would cause instability

Supported Anti-Masonry, which criticized Society of Freemasons as undemocratic; provided opportunity to criticize Jackson and Van Buren

Front 37

Democrat Party (pt 2)

Back 37

Wanted a future of opportunity

Role of gov’t should be limited but still able to remove obstacles to opportunity

Attacked centers of corrupt privilege

Locofocos: radical splinter who hated monopolies and privilege

Front 38

Great Triumvirate

Back 38

Dominated Whig Party, just like Jackson dominated Democrats

Clay, Webster, Calhoun: all opposed Jackson but had flaws; never became presidents

Front 39

American System

Back 39

Proposed by Clay in 1824

Supported protective tariffs, national banks, and infrastructure improvements

Front 40

Treasury surplus

Back 40

Years between 1835 – 1837 are economically prosperous: land sales and tariff money creates budget surpluses

Front 41

Distribution Act of 1836

Back 41

Distributes surplus to states

States use money for infrastructure, but strains state “pet banks” because of loss of gov’t deposits

Front 42

Specie Circular of 1836

Back 42

Jackson tries to remedy the speculative fever by issuing order that the gov’t would only accept payment for public lands that are securely backed by gold and silver

Is a disaster; causes Panic of 1837

Front 43

Panic of 1837

Back 43

Depression during Van Buren’s Presidency

Banks fail, unemployment grows, land prices fall

Caused by:

external factors (Europe is suffering $ crises and withdraws funds from America)

Jefferson’s Specie Circular

Distribution Act, which weakens state banks

Front 44

Independent Treasury

Back 44

Response to Panic

Van Buren proposes that there should be an independent treasury to house gov’t money and replace BUS

Front 45

Old Tippecanoe

Back 45

Nickname for William Henry Harrison (Whig President who dies soon after election)

Front 46

John Tyler

Back 46

VP who becomes president

Vetoes Clay’s attempt to reestablish BUS

Vetoes internal improvement bills that Clay and other Whigs support

Is kicked out of the Whig Party

Front 47

Caroline Affair

Back 47

Canadians trying to rise up against British seize an American ship to ship supplies, but British intercept it and burn it. Kills one American

NY authorities arrest the Canadian McLeod and charges him with murder

Crisis is averted when NY jury acquits McLeod.

Front 48

The Aroostook-Lumberjack War

Back 48

1838: American and Canadian lumberjacks move into Aroostook River region and fight

Boundary between Main and Canada is disputed

Front 49

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Back 49

1842: Great Britain sends Lord Ashburton to negotiate Maine boundaries and dispute over the American ships Caroline and Creole

Establishes Maine boundary, smaller provisions to placate Maine and Massachusetts

Americans are appeased by promise that Britain will avoid interfering with American ships