Age Of Democratic Revolution

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American Revolution

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War between the 13 Colonies and Great Britain. Issues of taxation "without representation" caused the war. The colonies wanted a democratic type of government, separation of powers, with certain freedoms; such as, the freedom of religion to be instituted. John Locke's ideas encouraged the rebellion.

Front 2

Balance of Power

Back 2

A government system in which no single power like France could become so powerful that it could threaten to dominate the other countries in the system.

Front 3

Bastille

Back 3

The National Assembly seized this royal prison once they found out that King Louis XVI wanted to break up the National Assembly.

Front 4

Battle of Waterloo

Back 4

Napoleon was defeated in June 1815; he was imprisoned on a distant island in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Checks and Balances

Back 5

Principle of government with the U.S. Constitution that ensures that no one branch becomes too powerful (Legislative, Judicial, and Executive)

Front 6

Committee of Public Safety

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Group that was directed by Robespierre and other radical French leaders; this group used force to achieve their goals (guillotine). The took over the leadership of France in 1793 and began the "Reign of Terror" killing anyone who disagreed with their mission.

Front 7

Congress of Vienna

Back 7

This occurred after the defeat of Napoleon. The chief European rulers met to redraw the borders of European countries to restore power back to many disposed leaders; establish a balance of power, and to ensure that no single country, like France, became too powerful.

Front 8

Conscription

Back 8

Requirement for all males to serve in the army; used by France, to have a larger army, to help fight European neighbors, and turn the tide in their favor.

Front 9

Constitutional Convention

Back 9

American representatives met after winning their independence in 1783 and were challenged to create a strong national government but not too strong that it would threaten individual liberties.

Front 10

Constitutional Monarchy

Back 10

Form of government in which the monarch's power is shared with a popular assembly and is limited by law and tradition.

Front 11

Declaration of Independence

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Document created by the "Founding Fathers" in Philadelphia, PA., during the Continental Congress; which was adopted on July 4, 1776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson and influenced by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin.

Front 12

French and Indian War

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The British defeated the French by protecting their colonies in North America from French invasion. The French had to surrender Canada to the British. This cost the British government dearly, which caused them to heavily tax its colonies. The colonists felt that they were not fairly represented in Parliament.

Front 13

French Revolution

Back 13

An initial power struggle between the king and the 1st Estate (Clergy) and 2nd Estate (nobles) who did not want to be taxed; then the power shifted to the bourgeoisie, which made up the National Assembly; the National Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobles, confiscated Church lands, issued a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (basically the people had the power); King Louis XVI was executed; "Reign of Terror" began; a republic began and ended with Napoleon becoming a dictator; who was later replaced by King Louis XVIII.

Front 14

King Louis XVI

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A French king who was married to Queen Marie Antoinette; gave into the demands of his nobles and eventually held an Estates General; attempted to break up the newly formed National Assembly.

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King Louis XVIII

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A French king who was put in place by the allied European powers after his failure in Russia; he granted his subjects a charter that guaranteed the people their basic civil rights and a national legislature.

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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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The slogan of the French revolutionists and Revolution; today, it is the motto of France and Haiti.

Front 17

Monroe Doctrine

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A policy issued by the U.S. in 1823, to protect the newly independent countries of South America by warning European powers against further intervention.

Front 18

Napoleon Bonaparte

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One of the most gifted generals of mass armies; seized power of France after invading European countries; reached a settlement with the Catholic Church; combined the social reforms of the French Revolution with his own absolute power; crowned himself emperor in 1804; conquered most of Europe and placed his friends and relatives in charge. In 1812, he invaded Russia and defeated their army, but Russia burned Moscow to the ground, so that they did not house the French which led to the soldiers freezing to death. In 1814, European Allies removed Napoleon and replaced him with King Louis XVIII.

Front 19

National Assembly

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These were delegates from the 3rd Estate who wound up abolishing the privileges of the nobles; confiscated Church lands to pay off the state's (country's) debts and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

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Nationalism

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Belief that each nationality (ethnic group) is entitled to its own government and national homeland; during the French Revolution, this idea was ignited through much of Europe.

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Popular Sovereignty

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The principle of government in which the people are considered to be supreme and could elect government officials.

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Prince Klemens von Metternich

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Leading statesman at the Congress of Vienna. He helped to prevent attempts at nationalism or political change in Europe. He did not want revolutions to occur. Most revolutions were defeated except in Greece and Belgium, 1830.