African American Theatre Midterm

Front 1

Author and year of "Rhyme Deferred"

Back 1

Kamilah Forbes and Hip Hop Theatre Junction 1998

Front 2

Which play has many Biblical references, contains the hip hop aesthetic, contains allusions, Shakespeare references, John Coltrane references, classical references to African and the Ashe. All of the character names have significance.

Back 2

Rhyme Deferred, Kamilah Forbes and Hip Hop Theatre Junction--1998

Front 3

In Rhyme Deferred, _____ was the mythical overseer of the underground and has references to Hercules. Also, was the name of a famous DJ. ___ is a reference to the angel/messenger.

Back 3

Herc
Gabe

Front 4

In Rhyme Deferred, _____ sings about money, cars, and sex. _____ sings about spiritual things--he wants to be true to the people. _____ is a reference to the Bible, the original woman. _____ was the cultural keeper of the history of the group and knows all the stories and is kind of like a human library. _____African cultural characteristic--things are passed on. ___ steals Gabe's notebook of lyrics.

Back 4

Kain
Gabe
Eve
Grio
Oracle
Kain

Front 5

Explain the "spirit of duality" in Rhyme Deferred.

Back 5

Kind of like a dichotomy--about being mixed up in 2 different places and finding out who you really are.

Front 6

The _____ is a spirit force and the idea of "coolness." Special aura/special energy

relates to the "aesthetic of the cool"

Back 6

Ashe

Front 7

The ______ has the power in Rhyme Deferred. The _____ is the special connection to the other side where knowledge and information comes from. _____ happens to be the Head MC and has worked very hard to get the position. Herc wants her to throw the competition, but it is hard for her to do. _____thinks he has won, but he hasn't. They rap Shakespeare and flip it with new meaning, then Gabe takes off. _____and _____turn out to be the same person. All the while it has been an internal battle. It was really just one person and the internal struggle of "Where do I go, What do I stand for?"

Back 7

Head MC
the oracle
Eve
Kain
Kain and Gabe

Front 8

In Rhyme Deferred, what happens at the very end? _____ wins and _____ gets his tongue pulled out by Eve because he was deferring a rhyme. ______ was a spiritual song reference from the Bible (Jacob has a dream he was climbing a ladder to Heaven, so it was the whole idea of "moving up." They end with Shakespeare and everything else (music, rhythm, Bible). This is all metaphoric and symbolic.

Back 8

Gabe
Kain
Jacob's Ladder

Front 9

Explain the debate between Robert Cole and Marion Cook

Back 9

Robert Cole strove for the fine artistic effect; outerlife; propaganda objective of proving that Negro stage artists were as good as or better than their white counterparts.

Marion Cook believed that the Negro onstage ought to be a genuine Negro. Inner life objective was to explore and present what DuBois called "Negro-ness" on the American stage.

Front 10

wrote "A Trip to Coontown"

Back 10

Robert Cole

Front 11

wrote "Jes' Lak White Fo'ks"

Back 11

Marion Cook

Front 12

earliest extant full-length drama written by a black female

Back 12

Rachel--Angelina Grimke--1916

Front 13

author and year of "Rachel"

Back 13

Angelina Grimke--1916

Front 14

play in the time period just before Renaissance takes off--none of the stereotypical tricks or minstrelsy--it was another type of writing.

Back 14

Rachel

Front 15

In "Rachel," you can tell that the Loving's were a middle-class family that had refinement and education--you can tell this by the stage directions--feels like a Victorian home with the flowers, etc. They are very spiritual with aspiration. They have created a happy nest for themselves--and then the real world interrupts. Mrs. Loving (the mother) _____ and _____ are her kids. _____ is Tom's friend who later tries to woo Rachel. _____ is the neighbor's small boy who Rachel soon takes in. Mrs. Lane is a black woman, and _____ is her daughter. Louise, Mary, Martha, and Jenny are children that Rachel spends time with. Rachel has a strong love for children. When she brings Jimmy home, it reminds Mrs. Loving about _____. Rachel did not know about about this until later, until Mrs. Loving finally reveals it at the table to Rachel and Tom about what had happened. Mrs. Loving was upset because it was the anniversary. Rachel meets Ethel and her mother and Rachel starts to change. She was absolutely broken-hearted beca

Back 15

Rachel and Tom
John Strong
Jimmy
Ethel
her late son who was lynched

Front 16

author and year of "The Deacon's Awakening"

Back 16

Willis Richardson--1920

Front 17

this play was a convincing appeal for women's rights

Back 17

The Deacon's Awakening

Front 18

Characters are Martha Jones, Ruth Jones, Eva (Sue's daughter), David Jones, and Sol (Eva's father)--_____ goes to speak at a voting for women's rights meeting--mob broke it up and she fell off a chair and hurt her wrist--Dave, the Deacon, is Ruth's papa--Sol is Eve's. One-act plays usually focus on one major conflict. Women got the right to vote in 1920. The Deacon felt like by giving women the right to vote, they would be given a inch, and would take a mile. Both Deacon and Sol said they would take their daughters out of school. Mama said NO. She told them how it was going to be; that they had better get used to it. This shocked the Deacon. They finally hushed up and said they wouldn't say anything else about it. Willis Richardson was a feminist--he had daughters and supported women's rights.

Back 18

The Deacon's Awakening--Willis Richardson--1920
Ruth

Front 19

author and year of "Undertow"

Back 19

Eulalie Spence--1929

Front 20

most popular playwright of the late 1920s

Back 20

Eulalie Spence

Front 21

Characters are: Dan (the man), Hattie (the man's wife), Charley (their son), Clem (the other woman), and Mrs. Wilkes (a lodger). Set in Harlem. Dan and Hattie have an unhappy marriage. Starts when they are waiting on him to come home for supper and he never shows up till later. Hattie has turned Charley against his father. Clem is an attractive, light-skinned black woman who used to date Dan. Charley tells Hattie that he saw his father see a woman and smile so happily at her. Hattie inquires about what she looked like, asking if she had light skin and if she was pretty. Clem shows up to tell Hattie that she was hung out with Dan for like the past week and that she can tell how unhappy he is. She tells Hattie she's going to take him from her. Clem reveals to Dan and Hattie both that she has a grown daughter named Lucy, by Dan, and that she is about to get married and she wanted her to know she had a father, because for all this time she has never known the truth. Hattie threatens to tell the daughter about th

Back 21

"Undertow"--Eulalie Spence--1929

Front 22

author and year of "A Sunday Morning in the South"

Back 22

Georgia Douglas Johnson--1925

Front 23

Characters are: Sue Jones (Grandmother), Tom Griggs (her grandson), Bossie Griggs (her younger grandson), Liza Triggs (a friend), Matilda Brown (a friend), A white girl, First Officer, Second Officer. Set in the south. They are at the breakfast table enjoying one another's company and the music from the church down the street can be heard. Police bust into Granny Sue's house to take Tom, saying that he fit all the descriptions of the black man who has raped a white girl. The white girl is asked if he was the one who did it, and she was very uncertain, so they assumed it was him since he fit some of the categories. Matilda and Bossie go hurriedly to find Miss Vilet (who Sue was a nanny to) because her father is the judge and they knew he would stop it. But Matilda and Bossie come back and they say they were too late, they had already lynched him. Sue is devastated and faltering. Class notes--this is an example of a folk play--anti-lynching play. At this time, people were trying to get a law against lynching.

Back 23

"A Sunday Morning in the South"--Georgia Douglas Johnson--1925

Front 24

author and year of "The Purple Flower"

Back 24

Marita Bonner--1928

Front 25

setting is Here, There, or Anywhere--or even Nowhere. This play qualifies as a pure propaganda play. Characters are mythical-sounding. Stage is divided into 2 secions. All kinds of characters in this. Class Notes: setting describes demon-like beings/figures--full of racial elements--blacks were saying they would never make it "up the hill" to the flower, because the white devils were in the way. The purple flower represents _____. The color purple is the closest thing to God. "The Leader" is _____.
He was on one side and DuBois was on the other. Washington thought the focus should be on ______ and that eventually things would work out. DuBois was more of an integrationist. He thought they should have the same rights and privileges; full rights and citizenship. The characters have tried all their means to get "somewhere" and they are still getting "nowhere"--_____ represents sacrifices because he is going to put himself on the line--he represents everything good about the "Us"--he was going to sacrifice him

Back 25

"The Purple Flower"
full-potential
Booker T. Washington
economic development
Finest Blood
The New Man

Front 26

author and year of "The First One"

Back 26

Zora Neale Hurston--1927

Front 27

Hurston's masterpiece is her novel; "Their Eyes Were Watching God"

Characters in this particular play are: Noah, Mrs. Noah, Shem, Mrs. Shem, Ham, Mrs. Ham, Japheth, Mrs. Japheth, Eve, Sons, and Others. This is Hurston's take on how people justify the second-class status of blacks. They said blacks were descendants of Ham. Noah curses his son Ham when Noah is drunk and he turns black. And then he is a disgrace. So people used this to say that black people are cursed. Ham's wife's name is Eve. So, in her take, Ham might be the original man. Ham is fun-loving, likes to sing and dance, very warm, not too serious. His brothers seem very stiff. Ham takes all of his wonderful qualities with him when he leaves.

Back 27

"The First One"--Zora Neale Hurston--1927

Front 28

author and year of "Mulatto"

Back 28

Langston Hughes--1935

Front 29

Black slave Cora Lewis and white plantation and slave owner Colonel Norwood live in the same house together and have kids together. He sends the girls off to college but they are not in school for what he thinks they are. _____ is strong-willed, doesn't believe he is black, because he is the Colonel's son--thinks he has all the rights that whites do. In the house, a portrait of Norwood's late white wife hangs up. Cora tells Norwood their daughters are in school for something else, but they were really in business school. _____ was a sharecropper and didn't bother with Norwood. Robert insisted that he be treated as Norwood's son. Decides to borrow the car, got into spat at post office over some radio tubes. He was not treated the way a white person would have been treated. He always came and went through the front door when he knew that was a big no no. Whites told Norwood be better put him in his place or he wouldn't get the position he was wanting or anything. Didn't want other blacks thinking they had righ

Back 29

Mulatto--Langston Hughes--1935
Robert
William

Front 30

Explain the "aesthetic of the cool"

Back 30

a way of "being" in the world
type of balance between tension and relaxation
taking something and bending it into an afro-centric thing
idea of texture over structure

lots of elements of the Black aesthetic combined--it is a characteristic that gives us a particular balance and a particular stylistic element--it is derived from African experience--goes back to the Ashe--we look at it in terms of style and whose cool and whose uncool--it's the idea of the soul--spontaneity is also part of it--means having rhythm--polycentrism (incorporating more than 1 rhythm at the same time, like jazz or tap)

Front 31

the first-known black theatre troup founded by William Henry Brown in 1816

-played to a black cast and crew to mainly blacks

-performed mainly Shakespearean plays

-frequently harassed by the police (it was illegal for blacks to perform white plays)

--African Americans would gather in a tea garden in Manhattan, were entertained, and it developed into a playhouse. Company was arrested for performing Shakespeare. It was closed in 1822 by the Constable after white rowdies. For the next 70 years, the major commercial opportunity for black actors was blackface minstrelsy.

Back 31

African Company/African Grove Theatre

Front 32

teen who worked in the African Grove--was in William Henry Brown's "King Shotaway"--moved to England in the 1920s and became one of Europe's biggest stars--first African American star internationally known--first black actor to have his name on a chair in Stratford-Upon-Avon--wrote "Those Who Left & Those Who Stayed," along with Victor Sejour and William Wells Brown

used white face to be authentic in roles

Back 32

Ira Aldridge

Front 33

This was a film we watched in class. We learned that New Orleans was a blend of Spanish, French, British, Indigenous, and African people--this movie showed how syncretism works and all of these cultures blended together. It really means "_____ _____."

It is the holiday right before _____--all of the partying gets done on this night because they have to give something up for the next 40 days--the cultures blended by parades--there were 2 communities for a long time: _____ and _____.
They were doing different things, but then it got more "together." There were many different groups.

All the groups had a _____, wild man, flag boys.

They dressed with natural materials and feathered costumes. All the styles were mixed. Indians treated blacks as equals.

_____--responding to the minstrel show, they blackened their faces and wore fright wigs, etc. They weren't mocking the black people, it was more of an "in your face" thing.

_____ had bones that they would wave around and were kind of crazy

__

Back 33

Fat Tuesday
Lent
European based and African American based

head chief
The Zooloos
The Skeletons
The Babydolls

Creole
Cajuns

1718

Gayday

Front 34

wrote "The Escape; Or, A Leap For Freedom" (first play published of an Af Am playwright)--second biggest abolitionist--wanted to take Uncle Tom's Cabin to the next level--with "The Escape," (the first play published by an African American). He confronted the idea of people as property--wrote "The President's Daugher"--also wrote his autobiography--spend 20 years as a slave.

Back 34

William Wells Brown

Front 35

founded the African Company/African Grove Theatre in 1816.

Back 35

William Henry Brown

Front 36

wrote "King Shotaway"

Back 36

William Henry Brown in 1823--first known play by an African American playwright, though no copies exist.

Front 37

first play by an African American in the U.S. about the Caribbean slave revolt/

Back 37

King Shotaway--William Henry Brown--1823

Front 38

author and year of "Cruiter

Back 38

John. F. Matheus--1926

Front 39

one family's story of the Great Migration--from 1915-1918, blacks migrated north--recruiters would come from the north and help blacks escape from the south.

Back 39

'Cruiter by John. F. Matheus--1926

Front 40

founded the KRIGWA Players, a Little Theatre Company, in 1925--only lasted until 1927

Back 40

W.E.B. DuBois

Front 41

founded "double consciousness" in 1903--meant being aware of him or herself as an entity, but also being aware that the dominant culture had different views of them, so they had to become another entity and behave accordingly--he was also one of the founders of the NAACP

Back 41

W.E.B. DuBois

Front 42

said black theatre needs to be by us, for us, about us, and near us

Back 42

W.E.B. DuBois

Front 43

African American poet who wrote lyrics for "In Dahomey"

origin of the cake walk

Back 43

Paul Laurence Dunbar

Front 44

video we watched that discussed minstrelsy and its stereotypes--originally, minstrelsy was a northern phenomenon.

Back 44

Ethnic Notions

Front 45

established in 1935 it became the U.S.' first experiment with a national theatre-- it was a project to fund theatre and other live artistic performances in the U.S. during the Great Depressio. The _____ was part of the FTP and had Negro units that were set up in cities around the U.S. The New York unit was active and well-known--it was located at the _____ in _____, and staged some 30 plays.

Back 45

Federal Theatre Project (FTP)
Negro Theatre Project (NTP)
Lafayette Theatre
Harlem

Front 46

white man who composed music for minstrel shows--became nationally popular--"father of American music"--wrote "Oh Susanna" and many other hits.

Back 46

Stephen Foster

Front 47

introduced the role of "Emperor Jones" by Eugene O'Neil. Helped to get more serious roles for African Americans--was a Lafayette Player--became one of the most highly regarded actors in the 1920s

Back 47

Charles Gilpin

Front 48

successful play

exploitation of Harlem

Back 48

"Harlem"

Front 49

had a choir--very famous for Negro spirituals--born in Athens, GA

Run Little Chillun

Back 49

Hal Johnson

Front 50

first Great American folk drama--created by the people of a Bethel church in ATL

Af Am folk drama that portrays the struggles and pitfalls of a group of pilgrims trying to reach the gates of Heaven

Back 50

"Heaven Bound" by the folk of the Church

Front 51

primary black Shakespearean actor of the African grove alongside Ira Aldrige (formed the idea of becoming a professional actor)

favorite role--Richard III

Back 51

James Hewlett

Front 52

wrote "Porgy and Bess"

Back 52

DuBose Heyward

Front 53

Describe debate between Langston Hughes and George Schuyler

Back 53

"Is There Such Thing as a Black Aesthetic?"

This debate was in "The Nation"

Shuyler said no, there is nothing different about blacks..that if you go into a black person's house it looks the same as a white person's house--black people had assimilated into American culture--been too long divorced from African roots to have a distinct culture

Hughes said yes, and one distinction was "blues." It came out of the black community and the black experience. This argument is still going on.

Front 54

made the statement that he was going to be true to himself with his art--said he would make his living solely by writing, even if he had to starve.

Back 54

Langston Hughes

Front 55

author and year of "In Dahomey"

Back 55

Paul Laurence Dunbar--1902

Front 56

first full-length black musical written and played by blacks to be performed on Broadway-- to make its stars, Bert Williams and George Walker, household names. The story is about a group of African Americans who, having found a pot of gold, move to Africa and become rulers of Dahomey.

Back 56

"In Dahomey"

Front 57

Stars of "In Dahomey"

Back 57

Bert Williams and George Walker

Front 58

African American dancer active in the 1840s--one of the first black performers in the U.S. to play onstage for white audiences and one of the few black minstrels that performed in white minstrel shows--very popular--became famous--had a lot to do with traditional dancing

Back 58

Juba (William Henry Lane)

Front 59

By William Henry Brown--first play known to be written and performed by an African American in the U.S. about the Caribbean slave revolt--main actors were James Hewlett and Ira Aldridge

Back 59

"King Shotaway"

Front 60

What does KRIGWA stand for?

Back 60

Crisis Guild of Writers and Authors

Front 61

started by W.E.B. DuBois in 1925

created for the sole purpose of advancing African American playwrights

DuBois is a co-creator--wanted a theatre for us, by us, about us, near us

KRIGWA was immediately affiliated with NAACP

In 1928 Little Negro Theatre evolved into Negro Experimental Theatre
--went out of business in 1927, partly because they were so successful--split up over something to do with Eulalie Spence

Back 61

KRIGWA Little Negro Theatre

Front 62

Had the top African American actors--would see plays on Broadway, bring them up to Harlem, and perform them in whiteface for black audiences. Charles Gilpin was one.

Back 62

Lafayette Players

Front 63

"Father of the Harlem Renaissance"--founded the Howard Players--best known for his writings about the Renaissance

Back 63

Alain Locke

Front 64

leading African American actress of the 1920s--Negro first lady of the dramatic stage--directed several plays at the Harlem Experimental Theatre. Her first claim to fame came in "Deep River" in 1926. She appeared in "In Abraham's Bosom" by Paul Green, in 1927.

Back 64

Rose McClendon

Front 65

Explain the difference of Methexis and Mimesis

Back 65

Methexis--African-centered way of approaching performance--involves improvisation--idea that the texture of a performance is of equal importance as structure--more "presentational"--rhythm is also an element--audience members and performers have more interaction and often perform togerher--communal focus (group focus)

Mimesis--Euro-centric approach to performance--structure is more important than texture--more representational--audience and performers are separate--focus is more on the individual

Aristotle said these things are all in a piece of theatre

1)plot
2)character
3)thought
4)language
5)spectacle
6)song/music

plot, character, and thought are the structure elements which are important in mimesis

language, spectacle, and song/music are the performance/textural elements which are equally important in Afro-centric performance as the structural elements.

Front 66

Explain minstrel shows and minstrelsy

Back 66

Minstrelsy was invented in the early to mid-19th century around 1835 by a white comedian named Thomas "Daddy" Rice--he blackened his face and imitated a black man and called it Jim Crowe. People started making a program out of it. 1843--The Christy Minstrels were black men doing the same thing--singing and dancing and making themselves black. These were called minstrel shows. Misntrel shows became popular everywhere. (Stereotypes are on another card)

Front 67

List and describe the stereotypes portrayed in minstrel shows.

Back 67

1) The Mammy--raised the kids and cooked for the white people (she was the good stereotype and loved the white people)

2)Sambo--stupid and ignorant--all Sambo wanted was pancakes--he was dumb. Coons were lazy

3) Sapphire--smart-mouthed, bad-tempered, hypersexualized woman

4)Zip Coon--example was Amos & Andy--Amos was very sweet and Andy was stupid--Coons were portrayed as being very lazy

5)Uncle Tom--he was the hero--in the play, he became very passive and docile--most popular play of the 19th Century--came out in the 1840s--he became the stereotype that would not stand up for himself

6)Bad Buck--hyperaggressive, black character; thug

7)Tragic Mulatto--Mixed, usually product of a white slave owner and black slave woman--he was called a Mulatto

8)Pickaninny--what black children were called

All of these stereotypes stemmed from minstrel shows. They were perceived as "a way out" for African Americans. Minstrelsy popularized the banjo, and the fiddle was also popular. Minstrelsy eventual

Front 68

Theatre in downtown Athens, GA where we will be seeing "A Raisin in the Sun." One of the first and oldest surviving African-American built, owned, and operated Vaudeville theatres in the U.S. Opened in 1910.

Back 68

Morton Theatre

Front 69

founded by Langston Hughes in 1939--he helped to inaugurate a theatre that would break away from the colorful stories and stereotypes perpetuated by Broadway.

Back 69

The New Negro Theatre

Front 70

white playwright--first world class American playwright--"All God's Chillun Got Wings" and "The Emperor Jones"

Back 70

Eugene O'Neill

Front 71

white comedian who invented minstrelsy in the early to mid 19th Century around 1835--imitated a black man while wearing blackface and called it Jim Crowe--people started following his example. Minstrel shows emerged as America's first type of popular entertainment

Back 71

Thomas "Daddy" Rice

Front 72

first African American man to play Othello on Broadway--was also a singer; became a Communist and it was bad--advocate for the Civil Rights Movement

Back 72

Paul Robeson

Front 73

first major successful African American musical--keynote of the Harlem Renaissance--popularized African American musicals.

Back 73

"Shuffle Along" by Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles (1921)

Front 74

Plot is basically that Sam and Steve are both running for major in Jimtown, USA. Whichever one wins, he will appoint the other his chief of police. Sam wins and keeps his promise but they begin to disagree on petty matters. They resolve their differences in a comic 20 minute fight scene. One character explains that the lighter the skin, the more desirable an African American woman is.

Back 74

"Shuffle Along" by Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles (1921)

Front 75

Hal Johnson Choir was responsible for __________--even were in some movies.

Back 75

Negro Spirituals

Front 76

wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852. American abolitionist and author. This was the most popular of the 19th Century. Very influential.

Back 76

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Front 77

Explain synthetic vs. authentic folk plays.

Back 77

A folk play was one with a rural setting, where the characters possessed little formal schooling, confronted poverty, race, and sexism, and spoke in a dialect peculiar to their region. Leaders of folk movement were DuBois, Locke, and James Weldon Johnson.

Synthetic plays--plays from Ridgley Torrence and other white playwrights of the 1920s--seek the exotic Negro rather than the real African American--whom they did not know. It remained for black playwrights to take a fresh look at Negro life, its conflicts, its people, its idioms. It was hoped that if true black characters could be presented on stage, the old Negro stereotypes could be driven off the boards

Front 78

author and year of "Chip Woman's Fortune"

Back 78

Willis Richardson--1923

Front 79

PRODUCED by a white man to show that blacks can perform onstage



Showed that African American actors could perform at the same level as white people--this is getting away from minstrelsy. Very important play because the Little Theatre Movement was coming up, right after the war. They came up with having little theatres for their communities. People began writing for them--most of them were one-act plays because they could be done more easily. Richardson was a major writer for these. This play's name meant that women would pick up fallen coal. The woman had been burying her money to save for her son who was in jail. This play was a huge hit in front of white audiences and critics. Richardson always kept his day job (didn't make a living solely by writing).

Back 79

"The Chip Woman's Fortune"--Willis Richardson--1923

Front 80

author and year of "The Escape; Or, A Leap for Freedom"

Back 80

William Wells Brown (1858)

Front 81

first published African American play

first text we have that is published of an African American playwright writing about black themes--it explored the complexities of American culture at a time when tensions between north and south were about to explode into the Civil War

Back 81

"The Escape; Or, A Leap for Freedom--William Wells Brown (1858)

Front 82

author and year of "The Star of Ethiopia"

Back 82

W.E.B. DuBois--1913

Front 83

play associated with pageantry

outlines the history of African Americans throughout time

Back 83

"The Star of Ethiopia"--W.E.B. DuBois--1913

Front 84

_____ was extremely popular during the first quarter of the 20th Century--they reenacted historical events--sometimes held outdoors in stadiums, sometimes passing in front of the community seated in bleachers, or in small cases, presented in auditoriums. "The Star of Ethiopia" is a ground-breaking _____ DuBois wrote and produced. Tens of thousands witnessed it and several thousand were involved in its preparation and execution. Director, Burroughs, put it into 6 episodes, which told "the tale of the oldest and strongest of the races of mankind, whose faces be black. Each episode would illustrate the gifts of this race to the world: The Gift of Iron, The Gift of Civilization, The Gift of Faith, The Gift of Humiliation (slavery), the Gift of Struggle Toward Freedom, and The Gift of Freedom.

Back 84

Pageantry
pageant

Front 85

African American novelist during the Harlem Renaissance
editor of The Messenger; a socialist journal aimed at blacks

--best-known for his novel "The Blacker the Berry: A Novel of Negro Life," which explores discrimination among black people based on skin color

Back 85

Wallace Thurman

Front 86

teammate of Bert Williams--they were a duo act--he was a comedian and dancer in the Vaudeville era--starred in "In Dahomey."

Back 86

George Walker

Front 87

most famous comedian--one of the most preeminant entertainers of the Vaudeville era and one of the most popular comedians for all audiences of his time--George Walker's teammate--they starred in "In Dahomey."

Back 87

Bert Williams

Front 88

They were married and were both doctors--wrote the book "Black Theatre Premise and Presentation."

Back 88

The Molettes

Front 89

Describe DuBois Vs. Locke.

Back 89

"Art Vs. Propaganda"

We needed a theatre that would reach out to the community and reflect us. Ideological disagreement on what types of plays to show.

DuBois said produce plays that talk about our issues and advocate our positions.

Locke said "art is art" and yes we should show who we are but we should show it by our traditions and culture and not have political points.

Front 90

first full-length non-musical play by an African American on Broadway

Back 90

"Appearances" by Garland Anderson

Front 91

"poet laureate"

Back 91

Langston Hughes

Front 92

blacks being able to assert their own ideas

movement to show white Americans that blacks were not inferior

Back 92

The New Negro

Front 93

initially performed in plantation meeting houses

religious songs that were created by enslaved African Americans

sometimes coded messages

Back 93

Spirituals