African American History

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• Lineages

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broad familial networks

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• Call-and-Response

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Musical expression based upon collective group of Africans help keep slaves in tandem to prevent any work accidents.

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• Oral Tradition

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used to transfer knowledge generationally through Griots(African story tellers)

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• Griot

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African story teller

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• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (causes of)

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• -Europeans (led by the Portuguese) instigated fights between African tribes, and offered guns for slaves.• -African societies selling slaves in exchange for goods such as the Kingdom of Ghana, Kongo and Benin.• -Demand for slaves by English Colonies for labor.• -Militarization of life in Sub-Saharan West Africa.• -Political destabilization of Sub-Saharan West Africa.

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• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (how Africans became enslaved)

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• -criminals were sold by chiefs (or kings) as punishment.• -free Africans were captured during raids by African and European gangs.• -domestic slaves were resold.• -prisoners of war were sold on.• -Repayment of debt.

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• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (influence of Enlightenment)

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• The Enlightenment, and it philosophers, provided the rational argument justifying the enslavement of Africans in the Americas.• Africans were excluded from the natural right of men because they were not Christians and looked at as inferior.

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• African Diaspora

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Population dispersion of peoples of African Descent to other parts of the world

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• Middle Passage

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refers to the trade of carrying enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean. Order: Europe>Guns→Africa>Enslaved Africans→Americas>Cash Crops→England

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• Household Slavery

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Slavery used to enhance the household division of labor in a subsistence based economy (Slaves viewed as a part of their owners household)

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• Chattel Slavery

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Slavery used to structure labor for commercial enterprise

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• Plantation Slavery

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Economic system in which slave labor was used to grow cash crops (agricultural commodities produced for sale in the mercantile commercial economy)

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• Cash Crops

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Sugar (Portugal, England, Spain, France, Dutch)Coffee (France, Spain, Portugal)Tobacco (England)Rice (England)Indigo (England)

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• Creole

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Enslaved Africans born in Americas

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• Old Africans

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Those that lived in Americas for long periods of time

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• Olaudah Equiano

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former slave abolitionist that wrote about his experience as a slave to draw out public outrage towards slavery

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• “Seasoning“

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Acculturating people to the experience be being enslaved

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• Dutch Colonial Slavery

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• Dutch colonial America concentrated in what is now present day New York.• Slavery played a very minor role in Dutch colonization.• Enslaved population maintained basic human rights.• Paid a wage for work.• Protection from abuse.• Right to self-purchase.•

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• Spanish Colonial Slavery

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Mexico and South America colony (Mining with N. Americans) andCaribbean colony (Farming with Enslaved African) and Spanish turned to enslaving Africans in because of N. American pop. Decline

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• French Colonial Slavery

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North American colony (trading with Native Americans) andCaribbean colony (Farming with Enslaved African)

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• Indentured Servitude

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Identifies a work contract between two people which involves free passage across Atlantic in exchange for 4-7 years of work

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• Shift to Racial slavery in Jamestown (causes of)

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Virginia Company established Jamestown in 1607 and later emerges as a tobacco colony

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• Northern Slavery

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Slaves used for (Artisan/Shipping)

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• Low-Country/Carolinian Slavery

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Slaves used for (Plantation rice & indigo) Work was organized around the “Task system(enslaved people assigned a series of daily jobs)”

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• Tobacco/Chesapeake Slavery

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Slaves used for (Plantation tobacco) performed gang labor

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• William Wilberforce

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was a member of the British Parliament andLeading political voice of the abolitionist movement

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• Close of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (Causes of)

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During the 1840s Great Britain committed naval resources towards suppressing the tradeBrazilian authorities began to seize and arrest slave trading ships during the 1840s

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• John Rolfe

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introduced tobacco in 1610-1612

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• Slavery Becoming (laws passed in House of Burgesses)

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•-1640s VA laws passed preventing Africans from assembling in large groups, owning arms, voting.• -1662 VA law passed stating that “all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother”.• -1664 VA law passed stating that Euro-women marrying African men had to serve husband’s master for duration of husband’s life.• -1667 VA law passed stating that conversion to Christianity would not release person from forced servitude.

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• Bacon’s Rebellion

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Virginia’s shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor force was accelerated by Bacon’s Rebellion

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• Phyllis Wheatley

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an African American poet, Poem: “On brought from Africa to America”

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• First/Northern Emancipation

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• -Religious impulse (lingering effect of the Great Awakening).• -African American participation in the Revolution.• -Slavery never played a central role in the Northern Economy.

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• First/Northern Emancipation (in New England)

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• African Americans successfully sue masters for freedom in MA.• By 1790 census no “slaved” documented in MA.• By 1783 tax-paying African American men granted voting rights.• CT and RI moved to gradually abolish slavery.• By 1810 only 418 African Americans remained enslaved in New England.

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• First/Northern Emancipation (in Mid-Atlantic)

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• Larger enslaved population compared to NE (bigger financial investment).• 1780 PA children of enslaved mothers free at age 28.• 1799 NY children of enslaved mothers freed once 28(men)/ 25(women).• 1804 NJ children of enslaved mothers freed once 25(m)/21(w).• Still 18 enslaved African Americans in NJ in 1860.

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• Cotton Gin

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Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, Gin makes cotton a viable/profitable cash crop for textile manufacturing

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• Free African Society

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• Mutual aid societies were among first community institutions.• Early form of community insurance.• Covered medical expenses, burials, support for widows and children.• Richard Allen and Absalom Jones’ 1787 Free African Society in Philadelphia.• Black churches became the organizing center of free black communities.

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• Domestic Slave Trade

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• Also called the “Second Middle Passage” involved selling slaves within America and trying to increase slave numbers through reproduction.• Solution to “labor problem” of emerging cotton economy.• Cotton economy grew as legal slave trade was closing.• Enslaved population of the “upper” Chesapeake South sold into the “deep” south.• Over 1 million sold between 1800-1860.• Disastrous effect on the “slave family”.

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• Prince Hall Masons

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Held dances, festivals, balls for African Americans. Founded by Prince Hall who was a former slave and Revolutionary War veteran.

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• African Methodist Episcopal Church

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- Formed in(PA) at 1816, by Richard Allen

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• Richard Allen(Methodist faith)

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Becomes junior clergyman at majority white St. George Methodist Church, 1792 Allen and Absalom Jones break with St. George and form independent church, Allen established Mother Bethel which became AME in 1816

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• Absalom Jones(Episcopal faith)

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1792 Allen and Absalom Jones break with St. George and form independent church, Jones established St. Thomas’s Episcopal Church

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• Gabriel’s Rebellion

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Gabriel was an enslaved blacksmith in Richmond areaInspired by language of Republicanism to revolt against slaveryDesires for African Americans to be treated as equals not to conquer or go to AfricaUsed freedom of movement (artisan) to organize rebellion

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

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Allowed owners to pursue escaping blacks into “free-states”Owners had to prove ownership in local courts

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Three-Fifths Clause

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Compromise between free-state and slave-state delegated, Enslaved pop. counted as 3/5ths of a person for House of Reps and Electoral CollegeEnslaved pop. counted as 3/5ths of a person for taxationGives south (VA) major advantage in the legislative and executive branches

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1808 Abolition of slave trade (motives & causes)-

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First Emancipation refers to the legal abolition of slavery in the state constitutions of every “northern” state between Pennsylvania and Massachusetts

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Louisiana Purchase

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President Thomas Jefferson buys from Napoleon Bonaparte’s France ($13 million)LA Purchase doubled the size of the nation

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Missouri Compromise

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Maine entered as free state/MO as slave stateFree states and slaves states enter union in alternating pattern36’30 MO compromise line

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• The Great Awakening 1730-1740s

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• -Described a wave of Christian religious revivalism sweeping across England and the American colonies.• -Reaction to scientific enlightenment• -Designed to get people to recommit to Christianity.• -brought enslaved Africans into Christianity.

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• American Colonization Society-

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• -Goal of ACS was to promote settlement of free blacks in Liberia.• -Members represented coalition of northern abolitionists and slave holders.• -Migration and colonization were hotly debated within free black communities.

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Argument for Colonization

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Only way to secure general emancipationStates had power to deny free blacks residencyFree blacks would always remain racially subordinate to white counter-parts

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Argument against Colonization

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• -Blacks lacked resources to successfully colonize.• -Colonization supported interests of slaveholders.• -Euro-immigration proved economy could support universal emancipation.• -Rightful claim to American soil.