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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Who is Nat Turner?
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(Nathaniel Turner, October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an American slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States, in Southampton County, Virginia. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial. He thought that God told him that it was time for him to kill his master so he just went from plantation to plantation killing white people and freeing slaves.
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Who is Mary Edmonia Lewis?
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(July 4, 1845 – 1911) was the first African American and Native American (Chippewa) woman to gain fame and recognition as a sculptor. She was born in Albany New York and went to Oberlin College where she became a sculptor.
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What is Oberlin College?
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is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. It was founded in 1833 by Presbyterian ministers, and is home to the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, making it the only top-ranked liberal arts college with a top-ranked conservatory. The school is noteworthy for its early admission of African-Americans and women into the academy. The college let in African Americans and women as early as 1834.
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Who is William "April" Ellison?
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was a freed black slave who later became South Carolina’s largest slave owner and trader. He held with the ideas of the South because of his slaves. He used his skills from slave-hood to become a mechanic and a businessman. He had 36 slaves
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Who is William Lloyd Garrison?
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William Lloyd Garrison was born in 1805 in Massachusetts. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison committed himself to a movement dedicated to immediate, uncompensated emancipation and to equal rights for African Americans in the United States. To achieve this goal Garrison organized the AASS (American Anti-slavery Society) in 1833 in Philadelphia. No white American worked harder than garrison to bridge racial differences. In 1831, Garrison founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper of his own, The Liberator.
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Who is Paul Cuffe?
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(1759-1817) Paul Cuffe was a free black, born in Massachusetts. Cuffe had a positive view of the ACS (American Colonization Society). He was a part of a Black Nationalist tradition- disappointed by repeated rebuffs from whites- endorsed black American migration to Africa. During the early 1800s the most prominent advocate for this point of view was Paul Cuffe. In 1811 Cuffe, a Quaker of African American Indian ancestry, addressed congress on the subject of African-American Christian colonies in Africa. The argument that appealed to Cuffe and many others was that white prejudice would never allow black people to enjoy full citizenship, equal protection under the law, and economic success in the United States. The argument was that black people born in America could enjoy equal rights only in the continent of their ancestors.
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Who is Denmark Vesey?
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- a West Indian slave brought to the United States. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. But word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed. Many antislavery activists came to regard Vesey as a hero.
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Who is Frances Harper?
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- Frances Harper was born free in Baltimore in 1825. Associated with the antislavery cause in Pennsylvania in Maine, she published poems that depicted the sufferings of slaves. Her first collection Poems on Various Subjects. During the 1850s, Harper, one of the few prominent black female speakers of the time, always included the free produce movement in her abolitionist lectures and wrote newspaper articles on its behalf. The free produce movement
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What is self hire?
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the practice through which enslaved men and women were paid for their work. When the talents of a slave could bring an owner additional revenue, this special status was sometimes bestowed. The people who were allowed to self-hire found employment, negotiated and collected wages, and then gave a portion of the money earned to their owners. Most lived independently. The opportunity enabled some of them to acquire the funds needed to purchase their freedom.
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What is hiring out?
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The process of a slave owner lending out his/her slave to find work elsewhere in the community.
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What is the American Colonization Society?
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(aka The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America) was an organization that founded Liberia, a colony on the coast of West Africa, in 1823 and transported free blacks there from the United States. During the next 20 years the colony continued to grow and establish economic stability. In 1847, the legislature of Liberia declared itself an independent state.
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What was the Second Great Awakening?
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(1790-1830’s) It is the second big religious revival in America. This movement was led by both black and white Americans and the main goal was to bring moral order to a turbulent American society. Several new black churches emerged (which were shaped by black churches established during the first Great Awakening by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones) which became an essential part of the antislavery movement. One of the main leaders was Charles G. Finney, who was a white Presbyterian. Practical Christianity was emphasized during this movement. The people who were saved helped to save other people. Another emphasis was on action, which led to a period known as the Benevolent Empire. This Empire was a network of organizations that wanted to fight sin and save people’s souls. The Benevolent Empire led to several social movements, include the abolitionists. (Found in Hine 146-147)
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What is the Democratic Party?
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It started out as the Democratic –Republican Party, which was founded by Thomas Jefferson, when politics were growing in the U.S. When the parties split into competing factions, the democratic party was formed. In the 1820-1840’s, Jackson was the leader of the Democratic Party. When this happened, it became known as Jacksonian Democracy
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Who is Charles C. Jones?
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(1804-1863) Charles Colcock Jones was the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Savannah, Georgia. He owned slaves, but was very worried about the morality of owning them. He became a missionary to his slaves and treated them well. He also wrote several pamphlets including “The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States” and “Catechism of Scripture Doctrine and Practice.”
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Who is Thomas Dew?
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(1802-1846) He was an American educator and writer who wrote “An Essay in Favor of Slavery” in 1832. He was respected in the South as his writings helped confirm the pro-slavery opinion to the public. He claimed that courage and boldness are what makes you a man and he said that women were dependent and weak. His work was often compared to Samuel Cartwright’s work because Cartwright defended slavery as well.
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Who is John Quincy Adams?
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Defeated Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election to become the 6th President of the United States. Supported high tariffs to bolster the Market revolution and internal infrastructure developments. Passed Tariff of 1828, otherwise known in the South as the “Tariff of Abominations”. The goal of this tariff was to protect American industries in the North from competing with European products by making imported products more expensive. The South’s negative reaction, especially in South Carolina led to the Nullification Crisis and the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.
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Who is Henry Clay?
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A senator who represented Kentucky. Was the founder of the Whig Party. Promoted the American System which advocated a high tariff to encourage manufacturing, and an extensive program of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) to build up the domestic market. Though a proponent of the Tariff of 1828, helped broker a compromise to lower the tariff gradually in order to quell the dissidents of the South
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What is the "American System"?
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Proposed in 1824 by Senator Henry Clay. The American System was a mercantilist economic plan, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. This program was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire. Had a pro-North slant and drew the anger of the South. It was opposed by Andrew Jackson and the emerging Democratic Party. Produced the Eerie Canal and Cumberland Road.
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What is the Nullification crisis?
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South Carolina politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue, especially after the passage of the Tariff of 1828. When the ascendant Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns, the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina. The issue caused Vice President Calhoun to resign and Jackson passed the Tariff of 1832 which reduced the tariff some. The reductions were too little for South Carolina, and in November 1832 a state convention declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina. Military preparations to resist anticipated Federal enforcement were initiated by the state. In late February both a Force Bill, authorizing the President to use military force against South Carolina, and a new negotiated tariff satisfactory to South Carolina were passed by Congress. The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 11, 1833. This was an antecedent to the Civil War.
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Who is Martin Delany?
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was a physician, author, abolitionist, and early black nationalist. He was briefly co-editor of the North Star. He went to Harvard Medical School along with two other black men, however he was forced to leave due to complaints. He published The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered in 1852. During the Civil War Delany recruited troops in New England and became the first black field officer. Later in life he served on the Freedmen’s Bureau
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What is Jacksonian Democracy?
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was a movement in the 1830’s that wanted greater rights for the common man and opposed signs of aristocracy. Their opposition was the Whig party. They wanted all white men to have a vote, not just land owners. For the most part Jacksonians avoided the topic of slavery, and their emphasis on granting all white men rights detracted from the black man’s plea for abolition.
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Who are the Federalists?
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were Americans who supported the ratification of the Constitution and wanted a strong central government during the 18th century and early 19th century. Alexander Hamilton led this group of people and formed the Federalist Party. Mostly businessmen in the New England area were Federalists. Federalists were against slavery and wanted to abolish it.
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Who are the Anti-Federalists?
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were against the ratification of the Constitution and against a central government. They were afraid that putting a president in power would create a monarchy (same time period as Federalists). Patrick Henry led the Anti-Federalists. Most Anti-Federalists were Democratic-Republicans. This group of people consisted of many slave owners in the south who believed in the importance of keeping slaves.
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Who is Gabriel?
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A slave alive during the late 1700’s in Virginia, and was the property of Thomas Prosser, he was a literate blacksmith and was large powerful man with a violent temper. He was strongly influenced behind the ideals and action of the American and French Revolution. One of the first examples of a slave thinking it appropriate to organize a revolt against whites who were oppressing them, and did so not to revenge personal grievances but because it is a denial of natural human rights. Gabriel prepared to lead a massive slave insurrection. On August 30, 1800 the day the uprising was to occur two slaves tipped off white authorities. He was tried and hanged. Started a fear in the south of potential slave rebellions.
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What is the Louisiana Purchase?
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the acquisition by the US of 828,800 square miles of French territory in 1803. Cost was 60 million francs ($11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3,750,000). Including interest, the U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 for the Louisiana territory
Eventually led to a lot of controversy over which states were going to be admitted as free and which states were going to be admitted as slave. Led to the Kansas and Nebraska act which stated that the states could vote on whether or not they were going to be slave or free, this nullified the Missouri Compromise |
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Who is David Walker?
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The son of a slave father and a free black mother, born in Wilmington,
North Carolina, in 1796 or 1797. In accordance with existing laws, since his mother was a free black, David Walker was also free. Walker moved out of the south and moved to Boston,. He joined institutions that denounced slavery in the South and discrimination in the North. He became involved with the nation's first African American newspaper, the Freedom's Journal out of New York City, to which he frequently contributed. By the end of 1828, he had become Boston's leading spokesman against slavery. In September of 1829 he published his Appeal, which called for slaves to rise up against their white masters if necessary. Whites were outraged and many white slave owners put a price on his head. David Walker died in 1830 of mysterious causes. His writings influenced many of the following abolitionists |
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What is Gag Rule?
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a rule that limits or forbids the raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body. Such rules are often criticized because they abridge freedom of speech.
The gagging of anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1836 to 1844. Pro-slavery forces had prevented any discussion of slavery in Congress, so anti-slavery forces, starting in about 1831, had submitted petitions for the abolition of slavery, The pro-slavery forces responded with a series of gag rules that automatically "tabled" all such petitions, preventing them from being read or discussed. John Quincy Adams was a central figure in the opposition to the gag rules, which included the overwhelming majority of Northern Whigs. In the Senate in 1836, John C. Calhoun attempted to introduce a gag rule. The Senate rejected this proposal, but agreed on a method which, while technically not violating the right to petition, would achieve the same effect. If an anti-slavery petition was presented, the Senate would vote not on whether to accept the petition but on whether to consider the question of receiving the petition. |
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Who is James Forten?
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(early to mid 1800’s) was an African American abolitionist and businessman who wrote for the Liberator, an abolistionist newspaper. He was born a free man in Philadelphia and established the Convention of Color in 1817 (argued for settlement of escaped black slaves in Canada, but opposed repatriation (sending back of people) to Africa. He instead stood for the American Colonization Society where African Americans don’t leave their own land-America. He also helped form the American Anti-Slavery Society with William Lloyd Garrison in 1833
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Who is Ira Aldridge?
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(mid 1800’s) was an actor who worked primarily abroad onstage. He went to the African Free School in NYC and studied theater in 1807. He was nicknamed the “African Tragedian” after his performance in Hamlet. He endured harassment because he was a black actor, and emigrated to Europe.
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Who is John Rock?
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(mid 1800’s) was a free African American teacher, doctor, dentist, lawyer, and abolitionist who started the slogan, “Black is Beautiful.” He was one of the first African Americans to earn a medical degree and to be admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1865.
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Who is Maria Stewart?
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(mid 1800’s) was an essayist, lecturer, abolitionist, and women’s rights activitsts. She published a pamphlet called Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality in 1831. She invoked both the Bible and the Constitution of the United States as documents proclaiming a universal birthright to freedom and justice. She was influenced by David Walker and raised the issue of armed rebellion by African Americans.
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