Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Duodenum
|
First part of small intestine
Where pancreas, liver, and gallbladder connect to digestive system Active absorption begins Pancreatic juices assist in digestion. |
|
|
Liver
|
Creates bile
Metabolizes carbohydrates, fat, protein Detoxifies drugs Breaks down dead blood cells Stores vitamins, minerals |
|
|
Three sections of small intestine
|
Duodenum
Jejunum Illeum |
|
|
divisions of large intestine
|
Cecum
Ascending colon Transverse colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Colon terminates at anus - Sphincter where feces is expelled |
|
|
Reproductive organs
|
Female
-Ovaries -Fallopian tubes -Uterus -Cervix -Vagina Male -Testicles -Epididymis -Vasa deferentia -Seminal vesicles -Prostate gland -Penis |
|
|
kidneys filter _____ L of blood a day
|
200
|
|
|
peritonitis
|
Irritation of peritoneum
Peritonitis can be caused by: -Infection -Penetrating abdominal wound -Severe blunt injury -Many diseases Severe pain is the major symptom of peritonitis, regardless of cause. Clinical signs are abdominal tenderness and distension. Fever may or may not be present. Associated with loss of body fluids into abdominal cavity Typically causes ileus, resulting in distension |
|
|
Peritoneum consists of two membranes.
|
Partial peritoneum
Lines abdominal cavity Can perceive sensations Visceral peritoneum Covers organs Pain here is referred. |
|
|
ileus
|
Decreased propulsive ability may be broadly classified as caused either by bowel obstruction or intestinal atony or paralysis
|
|
|
Ulcer result of
|
Helicobacter pylori infection to the stomach
Chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Alcohol and smoking can affect the severity. |
|
|
Gallbladder stores
|
digestive juices and waste from liver
|
|
|
cholecystitis
|
Gallbladder stores digestive juices and waste from liver. Gallstones may form and block outlet.
- cholecystitis results. |
|
|
cholecystitis S&S
|
Constant, severe pain that may refer
General GI distress Nausea Vomiting Indigestion Bloating Gas Belching |
|
|
Pancreatitis
|
Inflammation of the pancreas
Causes include obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse. Signs/symptoms Severe pain, often radiating Nausea/vomiting Abdominal distention Tenderness Sepsis or hemorrhage may occur. Look for fever or tachycardia. |
|
|
Appendicitis
|
Appendix - Small recess in large intestine
Appendicitis - Inflammation or infection in the appendix Can result in an abscess, peritonitis, or shock Signs/symptoms Dull, diffuse pain Nausea/vomiting Anorexia Lack of appetite for food Fever Chills Rebound tenderness |
|
|
Lower GI bleeding results from
|
Bowel inflammation
Diverticulitis Hemorrhoids |
|
|
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
Lining of esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach
Symptoms include: – Pain in swallowing – Feeling of object stuck in throat – Heartburn – Nausea and vomiting – Sores in mouth |
|
|
Esophageal Varices
|
Occurs when the blood pressure within vessels surrounding esophagus increases
– If pressure becomes too high, vessel walls may fail, causing bleeding. In industrialized countries, alcohol is the main cause of portal hypertension. Presentation takes two forms. – In the first form, initially, patient shows signs of liver disease. • Such as fatigue, jaundice, anorexia, nausea • This is a very gradual process. Rupture of varices is the second form. – Far more sudden – Symptoms include: • Severe difficulty swallowing • Vomiting bright red blood • Hypotension • Hematemesis and melena possible |
|
|
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
|
Junction between esophagus/stomach tears
– Causes severe bleeding – May result in death Primary risk factors – Alcoholism – Eating disorders Affects men and women equally – Prevalent in older adults and older children. Vomiting is the principal symptom. – Signs/symptoms of shock, upper abdominal pain, hematemesis, melena present in extreme cases. |
|
|
Diverticulitis
|
Bulges in colonic walls become diverticula.
– Fecal matter is caught. – Bacteria form. Signs/symptoms: – Abdominal pain – Fever – Malaise – Body aches – Chills – Nausea/vomiting – Bleeding (rare) |
|
|
when lower UTI goes untreated...
|
– Can lead to pyelonephritis and abscesses
– Eventually reduces kidney function – In severe cases, can lead to sepsis |
|
|
Common symptoms with lower UTI:
|
– Painful urination
– Frequent urges to urinate – Difficulty in urination – Pain that begins as visceral discomfort. Becomes extreme and burning – Cloudy urine with a foul odor |
|
|
Kidney stones
|
– Originate in the renal pelvis
– Result when an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizes in urine – Excess of salts is usually due to insufficient water intake. – Calcium stones are most common. • More frequent in men • Hereditary component • Occur in patients with metabolic, hormonal disorders Patients are almost always in severe pain. |
|
|
Acute renal failure (ARF)
|
– Sudden decrease in kidney filtration
– Sudden increase of toxins in blood – 50% mortality rate – Reversible if diagnosed and treated early Patient may experience • Edema • Acid buildup • High levels of waste products in blood If untreated: • Heart failure • Hypertension • Metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
|
Can also be caused by congenital disorders or prolonged pyelonephritis, or be secondary effect of some infections
Signs and symptoms – Altered LOC – Seizures – Coma – Lethargy – Nausea – Headaches – Cramps – Signs of anemia – Uremic frost of CRF include: – Skin that is: Pale, cool, moist, jaundiced, bruised – Edema – Muscle twitching – Hypotensive – Tachycardia – Pericarditis – Pulmonary edema |
|
|
Mittelschmerz
|
lower abdominal and pelvic pain that occurs roughly midway through a woman's menstrual cycle. The pain can appear suddenly and usually subsides within hours, although it may sometimes last two or three days
|
|
|
Ectopic pregnancy
|
Fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus.
Usually rupture, which can produce: • Massive internal hemorrhage • Acute abdominal pain, generally on one side |
|
|
Serious hernia signs and symptoms
|
– Existence of hernia itself
– Formerly reducible mass that can no longer be pushed back into the body – Pain at the hernia site – Tenderness when the hernia is palpated – Red or blue skin discoloration over hernia |
|
|
signs of acute abdomen
|
– Local or diffuse abdominal pain and/or tenderness
– Quiet, guarding the abdomen – Rapid and shallow breathing – Referred (distant) pain – Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting – Hematemesis – Tense, often distended abdomen |
|
|
The liver creates bile, which is stored in the
|
gallbladder
|
|
|
A 34-year-old woman with a recent history of pelvic inflammatory disease presents with acute severe abdominal pain. Her abdomen is distended and diffusely tender to palpation. Based on your findings thus far, you should suspect:
|
Peritonitis—an inflammation of the thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity—typically presents with acute abdominal pain. Causes of peritonitis include infection and blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. The pain caused by peritonitis is typically diffuse (widespread), whereas appendicitis, pancreatitis, and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) typically present with pain that is localized to a particular area.
|
|
|
MOST patients with an acute abdomen present with
|
Tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats/min) is commonly seen in patients with an acute abdomen; it is usually the result of severe pain. Hypotension is not seen in all patients with an acute abdomen; if the patient is hypotensive, you should suspect internal bleeding or a severe infection (sepsis). Many patients with an acute abdomen have increased respirations (tachypnea); however, dyspnea (a feeling of shortness of breath) is not common.
|
|
|
The medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder is:
|
Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder.
|
|
|
__________ is inflammation of the kidney.
|
Nephritis
|
|
|
If a hernia is incarcerated and the contents are so greatly compressed that circulation is compromised, the hernia is said to be:
|
strangulated
|
|
|
A 70-year-old man presents with an acute onset of severe, tearing abdominal pain that radiates to his back. His BP is 88/66 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min, and respirations are 26 breaths/min. Treatment for this patient should include:
|
rapid transport to the hospital
|
|
|
a severe bacterial infection can result in shock due to
|
vasodilation and internal plasma loss (Septic Shock)
|
|
|
Peritonitis typically causes ileus, which is the result of
|
absent peristalsis
|
|
|
shortly after a meal a 49 Y/O woman complains of upper right quadrant pain referring to her right shoulder. this suggests:
|
cholecystitis
|
|
|
A 19 Y/O female presents with severe pain in lower right quadrant of abdomen. She is restless, tachpneic, tachycardic. Last menstrual period was 2 months ago. You should suspect:
|
ruptured ectopic pregnancy
|
|
|
Name the retroperitoneal organs
|
adrenal glands
kidneys ureter bladder aorta inferior vena cava esophagus (thoracic part, part inside abdominal cavity is intraperitoneal) rectum (part, lower third is extraperitoneal) |
