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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
important aspects of the 18th century |
beginning of ethology |
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charles georges leroy |
1723-1789 considered first real ethologist field research created ethogram and action patterns |
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3 subgroups of behavioural biology |
ethology sociobiology behavioural ecology |
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who created sociobiology |
e.o.wilson |
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who influenced sciences of the 19th century |
darwin, wallace, cabanis, lamarck |
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who termed the word ethology |
saint-hilaire son |
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Uexkull |
1864-1944 precursor for zoosemiotics interested in FAPs and signed stimuli |
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Romanes |
used lots of anecdotes, gave animals emotions popularized publication of ethology research angered ethologists, leading to creation of behaviourists |
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romans opinion on levels of thought, which are held by humans and/or animals |
simple thought: humans and animals complex thought: some animals and humans abstract thought: humans |
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thorndicke |
studied learning and problem solving in animals created law of effect (importance of reinforcement) |
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three ethologists who win the nobel prize in 1973. what animal did they all have in common |
tinbergen lorenz von frisch all studied fish |
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von frisch nobel prize subject what fish did they study |
hearing and fear pheromones in fish when you place an injured fish in a tank, the others swim away - minnows |
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Lorenz nobel prize subject - what fish did they study |
research on implanting and the instinctual qualities of agression cichlids |
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tinbergen nobel prize subject - what fish did they study |
4 legs of ethology sticklebacks |
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what are the 4 legs of ethology |
causation development evolution function |
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Harlow experiments |
raised rhesus monkeys in isolation to see if it would effect their social and sexual behaviour |
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Kuo |
defined epigenetics as an interaction between genes and the environment G + E + (GxE) |
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behaviourists core beliefs |
cant study something that isnt tangible dont consider emotion brain isnt relevant to behaviour use of lab conditions doubt ethologists |
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ethologists |
dont care about emotion believe behaviour is found in the brain use of field tests |
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behaviourist or cognitive? US |
behaviourist |
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behaviourist or cognitive? Europe |
cognitive |
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behaviourist or cognitive? canada |
both |
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functionalism |
believe evolution and natural selection shapes behaviour over time influenced by darwin |
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who was the father of behaviourism |
john broadus watson |
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Robert Hinde |
zoologist first to say the nature vs. nurture debate needs to end |
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Breland Breland study results |
racoon couldnt place coin in jar showed that some things can't be taught as they arent part of the animals behavioural repertoire or FAP |
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wheeler |
created info theory "it from bit" everything can be reduced to bits |
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when did cognition start |
the 60s |
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D R Griffin |
father of cognitive ethology tries to explain cognition with conscioussness and awareness |
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Kholer |
animals have insight gestaltist |
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gestaltism |
study of optical illusions and problem solving |
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fixed vs. scheduled reinforcement |
scheduled = reinforcement after every occurence fixed = reinforced after a certain amount of time fixed is harder to get rid of |
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how does cognitivism view stimuli |
not that important |
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modern gibsonism |
everything we do is dependent on what the environment has to offer |
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semiotics |
influence by ethology and biology theory of how info works |
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whitehead |
linked epigenetics and culture |
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zoosemiotics view of stimulus |
it is only important if it is part of the animals natural environment |
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Information theory |
came from engineers form basis of neural networks idea that there is noise in communication things are made up of bits tries to reduce uncertainty sensitive to time |
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what language should you use in noisy channel |
english, it is shorter and simpler |
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systems theory: which did it have a greater impact on biology physiology neuro |
greater effect on biology and physiology |
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mortin principle |
low vocalizations: show threatening mood high vocalizations: show friendly mood |
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what are the first vocalizations made by wolves at a meeting |
a friendly squeek |
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decision (prospect) theory |
view animals as decision makers for resources |
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entropy |
lack of order defines info based on lack of info |
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deacons absential view |
talks about the importance of the number zero |
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binary system |
combinations of 0 and 1 to see if something is present or absent |
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practical example of problem solving using info theory |
separate square by halves until you narrow in on the sight uses binary |
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how does shannon define entropy |
the measure of suprise |
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what is a remedy against entropy |
redundancy |
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what happens when you increase redundancy |
less efficiency better error correction |
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what is the relationship between predicability and redundancy |
more predictable = more redundant |
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zoosemiotics |
understand animals by studying the signs they leave behind, dont need to interact with them directly |
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what is the style of publications in zoosemiotics |
observational dont discuss emotions |
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social neuroscience |
highlights the importance of emotions in behaviours |
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how do you study communication |
in dyads between emitter and reciever |
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representation ex. |
emitter is present, receiver is absent ex. when a bird signs, but there is no other bird listening |
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signification ex. |
reciever is present, emitter is absent ex. when coyote sniffs urine mark by a wolf |
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advantages of communicating with pheromones |
they last a long time |
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6 components of animal communication |
1. source 2. reciever 3. channel 4. code 5. message 6. context |
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what is the code |
the form or structure of the message the language syntax |
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what is the message |
the potential meanings semantics |
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what is the context |
physical or social pragmatics |
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theory of mind |
the importance of what communication means looks at empathy and if animals have it |
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weakness of zoosemiotics perspective |
what motivates the animal is there an affect |
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when are emotions important in communication |
in social interactions |
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sign vs. signal |
signal's carry info via communications sign's carry info by providing evidence of an animal |
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episematics ex. for within pop and within group |
intra-species identity markers within pop: markings on sub-pops of orcas within group: pheromones found in rodent colonies |
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non-communicative behaviour |
un-targeted recievers camouflage mimicry complex behaviours |
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octopus camoflauge ex. |
if there is a male on one side and a female on the other, it will show an angry colour to the male and a friendly color to the female |
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mimicry ex. |
dunnock dont recognize when cuckoo birds place their eggs in their nest |
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ex. of complex behaviours |
ritualized behaviours (courtship, status) |
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how do you identify an alpha wolf |
their tendency to pee higher |
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aposematic communication |
visual used between species to signal danger |
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focus of behavioural ecology |
focus on function |
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focus of ethology and zoosemiotics |
the structure of the behaviour |
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ethogram |
catalogue of behaviours |
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semiogram |
catalogue of signs |
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function of behavioural ecology and sociobiology |
behaviour |
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function of animal psychology and neuroscience |
causation process mechanisms |
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zoosyntactics |
importance of rules and structure in behaviour |
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zoosymantics |
importance of meaning |
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ex. do chickadees communicate via chirping |
yes there is a difference in meaning b/w calls and song |
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zoopragmatics |
context dependent |
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Gadbois studies on zooprosodics |
look at action sequence carefully and notice a pattern how intense it is relates to expression loudness of syllables matters |
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structural analyses |
horizontal: sytagmatic analysis (surface structure of message) vertical: paradigmatic analysis (deeper meaning) |
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spatio-temporal sign ex. |
most commonly discussed correlation between time and space ex. pheromones |
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iconic sign |
clear similarity between object and sign ex. gestures or dance |
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ethological zoosemiotics focus |
behaviour |
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anthropological zoosemiotics focus |
animal-human relationship |
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fundamental zoosemiotics fous |
theories and theory testing |
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applied zoosemiotics |
applied research |
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tavolga types of communication |
based on level of interaction |
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levels of interaction |
vegetative tonic phasic signal symbolic linguistic |
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vegetative level |
physical presence affects behaviour ex. plants |
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tonic level |
reaction to something in the environment ex. tracking predators |
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phasic level |
more than one channel used ex. differences in sex, species |
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signal level |
specialized structures recieve the signal importance of biosocial organization |
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symbolic level |
something represents something else ex. facial expressions |
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linguistic level |
speech only seen in humans |
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types of communication defined by jackobson |
based on the function of signs |
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types of communications |
expressive conative phatic referential metacommunicative aesthetic/poetic |
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expressive communication |
oriented towards sender |
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conative communication |
oriented towards recipient |
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phatic communication |
oriented towards relationship between sender and reciever |
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referential communication |
oriented towards content and context |
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metacommunicative |
oriented towards code ex. talking about writing |
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aesthetic/ poetic communication |
uniquely human oriented towards message |
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ethological perspective on rules |
structure temporal and spatial patterns (form) social groups have structure to avoid conflict |
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frans de Waal (2003) |
social grammar -> rules on behaviour in a social context |
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grammar |
study of syntax rules that govern pattern and structure |
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syntax |
behaviour patterns |
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rules |
relations of actions or behaviours |
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efficiency |
rules are simpler than the behaviour they generate |
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adaptibility |
rules change overtime
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local rules |
whats happening immediately around you |
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ex. of local rules |
when wolves all hunt the same prey, they act individually and all go for the same one due to rules |
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what drives the changing of rules |
evolution |
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who studied fixed action patterns |
lorenz and tinbergen |
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who studied modal action patterns |
barlow, beach and schleidt |
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characteristics of FAP |
genetically encoded no individual differences not learnt no effect of sensory feedback predictable |
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why was FAP renamed modal action pattern |
to account for different degrees of the behaviour |
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basic process of FAP |
sign stimulus innate releasing mechanism FAP (action) |
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reflex vs. fap |
CNS modulates FAP behaviour via a pattern generator reflex uses central relay |
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ex. FAP voles reaction to avian predators |
when it flies left, they do nothing (assume its a goose) when it flies right, they groom (assume its a hawk) |
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food caching sequence in canids |
carry and site inspection pawing and digging tamping and scooping |
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social organization or disorganization |
measure groups via multiple dyads best way to analyze is with pictures |
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sociometry |
mathematical model to make sense of dyads |
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sociograms |
social interactions often misused to analyze matric helps determine directionality |
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sociomatrix |
the order that emerges from social rules in a group |
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how to use a sociomatrix to determine dominance heirarchy |
- place minimum # of overthrows in the lower left corner - individual in top left corner is alpha, they experience no overthrows - individual in bottom left is omega, they lost all encounters |
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what matters in determining dominance |
- overthrows - initiation behaviour - submission - play |
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qualitative approach to signs |
semiotics descriptive use of semiograms and ethograms study syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and prosodics |
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quantitative approach to signs |
information theory SDT, statistics models, formulas, bits entropy, transmission, channel, coding network, noise |
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measurements of error |
cognitive dimension affective/conative |
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cognitive dimension |
perception, attention, mnemonic, decisions |
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affective/conative |
rage, fear, hunger the motivation |
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equivocation |
uncertainty of the sender |
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ambiguity |
uncertainty of the reciever |
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what is the main focus in noisy channels
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the reciever |
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ex. of animals using multiple channels to communicate uncertainty |
baring teeth and licking alot |
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solutions to noise |
change behaviour adjust channel adjust context/environment |
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generalized differences between proximate and ultimate (distal) |
proximate are internal (like motivation or learning) and ultimate are external (signs, rituals, mate attraction) |
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cue |
no influence on behaviour usually provides distinctions between species |
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example cue |
red strip on the back of woodpeckers head |
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sebeok |
signals are associated with reactions and can be reactive |
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discrete signal |
all or none response simple no control over what it looks or sounds like |
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graded signal |
happens on a scale organism controls it uses lots of energy more cognitive |
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attentional structure ex |
the importance of attention ex. maintaining eye contact with a wolf makes it angry |
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affiliative behaviour |
used after conflict |
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sensation seeking example |
raven pulling wolves tail |
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physical constraints of signals |
different physiological mechanisms in organisms |
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economics of communication |
benefit must outweigh the cost |
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evolutionary history of signals |
natural and sexual selection |
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conflicts of interest in signals |
not all animals want the same result from a signal |
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communication networks of signals |
beyond dyadic eavesdropping ex. |
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modality |
the form of the signal ex. physical, chemical |
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medium |
air, water, solids what it travels through |
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index signals |
constrained, always honest |
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handicap signals |
not honest, high cost |
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cheney and seyfarth |
noted that monkeys have different vocab to communicate different predators |
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what does a lack of randomness suggest |
meaning |
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what are the 2 elements of overlap in neur and sensory ecology |
classification of signals, cues/signs context is important |
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what environment do r-selected creatures live in |
unstable |
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what environment do k-selected creatures live in |
stable |
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vocal matching |
produce normal vocalization to appease in an attack - goes against mortons law |
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social integration |
how you coordinate and communicate with the group |
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environmental signals |
presence and location of threats |
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signalling sequence (7+ steps) |
1. generation 2. modification 3. coupling 4. propagation 5. coupling 6. modification 7. classification 8. decision |
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microsomatic ex. |
animals with decreased olfaction whales, dolphins |
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vultures extrordinary case of olfaction |
smell leaks in pipeline by smelling natural gases |
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pigeons extrordinary case of olfaction |
use smell to zero in on their location in the last few kilometers |
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olfaction in mammals |
use jackobson organ, VNO humans dont have VNO, why they cant smell pheromones |
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micrometerology and microclimatology |
ground-level fluctuations important for the behaviour of snakes and ectotherms |
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pedology |
the study of soil |