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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemistry
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The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes
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Independent Variable
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In an experiment, the variable that the experimenter plans to change
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Dependent Variable
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In an experiment, the variable whose value depends on the independent variable
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Qualitative Data
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Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
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Quantative Data
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Numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc.
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Accuracy
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Refers to how close a measured value is to an accepted value
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Precision
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Refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another; precise measurements show little variation over a series of trials but may not be accurate
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Significant Figures
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The number of all known digits reported in measurements plus one estimated digit
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Percent Error
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The ratio of an error to an accepted value
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Scientific Notation
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Expresses numbers as a multiple of two factors - a number between 1 and 10, and 10 raised to a power, or exponent; makes it easier to handle extremely large or small measurements
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Chemical Change
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A process involving one or more substances changing into new substances; also called a chemical reaction
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Physical Change
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A type of change that alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change its composition
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Physical Property
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A characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition - for example, density, color, taste, hardness, and melting point
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Distillation
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A technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances involved
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Homogeneous Mixture
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One that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution
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Atomic Mass Unit
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One-twelfth the mass of a carbon - 12 atoms
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Isotope
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Atoms orf the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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Ion
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An atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge
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Nuclear Reaction
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A reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in an atom
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Electron Configuration
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The arrangement of electrons in an atom, which is prescribed by three rules - the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule
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Photon
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A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
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Frequency
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The number of waves that pass a given point per second
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Wave Length
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The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or nanometers
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Amplitude
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The height of a wave from the origin to a crest, or from the origin to a trough
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Electronegativity
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Indicates the relative ability of an element's atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond
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Group
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A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a family
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Periodic Law
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States that when teh elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties
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Metalloid
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An element, such as silicon or germanium, that has physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals
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Nonmetal
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Elements that are generally gases or dull, brittle solids that are poor conductors of heat or eletricity
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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Group 2A elements in the modern periodic table: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
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Alkali Metals
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Group 1A elements, except for Hydrogen, that are on the left side of the modern periodic table: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
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Halogens
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A highly reactive group 7A elements: Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iondine, Astatine
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Noble Gases
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An extremely unreactive group 8A elements: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
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Inner Transition Metals
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A type of group B elements that are contained in the f-block of the periodic table and are characterized by a filling outermost s orbital, and filled or partially filled 4f and 5f orbital
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Alloy
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A mixture of elements that have metallic properties
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Chemical Bond
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The force that holds two atoms together; may form by the attraction of a postivie ion for a negative ion or by the attraction of a positive nucleus for negative electrons
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Ionic Bond
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The electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound
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Anion
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An ion that has a negative charge; forms when valence electrons are added to the outer energy level, giving the ion a stable electron configuration
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Cation
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An ion that has a positive charge; forms when calence electrons are removed, giving the ion a stable electroni configuration
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