Adulthood And Aging Exam I

Front 1

Aging is easier for women

Back 1

•Familial roles are continuous

•Closer family bonds--->Strong support system

•Anticipatory socialization

Front 2

Aging is easier for men

Back 2

•Financial security

•Easier aging standards

•Lower incidence of chronic illness

Front 3

3 Views od Ethnicity & Aging

Back 3

1) Double Jeopardy (-)

2) Aging as a leveler (neutral)

3) Ethnicity as a resource (+)

Front 4

Modernization Theory

Back 4

More negative attitudes and views of elderly are due to industrialization.

Front 5

Development

Back 5

Age related change in body or behavior.

Improvement, deterioration, or neither.

Front 6

Paul Baltes 4 Key Features

Back 6

1) Multi-directionality

2) Plasicity

3) Historical context

4) Multiple causation

Front 7

Forces behind development

Back 7

•Biological

•Psychological

•Socio-cultural

•Life-cycle forces

Front 8

Primary Aging

Back 8

Gradual, inevitable body deterioration throughout life

Front 9

Secondary Aging

Back 9

Aging resulting from disease and poor health.

Front 10

Determinants of Adult Developmental Change

Back 10

•Normative Age-Graded Factors

•Normative History-Graded Factors

•Non-Normative Events

Front 11

Normative Age-Graded Factors

Back 11

Major developmental events occurring at same age (with some variation) in most individuals

Front 12

Normative History-Graded Factors

Back 12

Developmental influences related to major world events.

Front 13

Non-Normative Events

Back 13

Individual variations to aging resulting from idiosyncratic experiences.

Front 14

•Nature vs Nurture

•Universe vs context specific

•Stability vs change

•Continuity vs discontinuity

•Passive vs active

Back 14

Theoretical issues in adult development

Front 15

Chronological Age

Back 15

Number of years since birth. Simple, most used

Front 16

Biological age

Back 16

The state of vital organs and over all health

Front 17

Psychological health

Back 17

Adaptive capacities of individual.

Front 18

Socio-Cultural Health

Back 18

Health with respect to social rules and expectations

Front 19

External Validity

Back 19

Degree to which research can be generalized to other people and settings.

Front 20

Internal Validity

Back 20

Degree to which research ;leads to an unambiguous solution.

Front 21

Threats to internal validity

Back 21

•History

•Practice

•Instrumentation

•Experimental Morality

Front 22

Developmental research designs

Back 22

•Cross sectional

•Longitudinal

•Sequential

Front 23

Average Longevity

Back 23

Age at which 1/2 the population of a given birth year have died.

Front 24

Maximum longevity

Back 24

Oldest age an individual from a species lives

Front 25

Programmed theories

Back 25

Emphasize genetic component of aging

Front 26

Hayflick Limit

Back 26

Cells can undergo only a certain number of divisions before apoptosis

Front 27

Autoimmunity

Back 27

Immune system creates antibodies that attack healthy cells

Front 28

Wear and Tear Theories

Back 28

Like machines, humans undergo wear and damage as time goes on

Front 29

Cellular Theories

Back 29

Focus on mutations and a buildup of waste products

Front 30

Telomere shortening

Back 30

With each division, telomeres shorten and eventually are unable to replicate.

Front 31

Cross-linking of Collagen

Back 31

Aging is a result of glucose binding to proteins, resulting in stiffening of the body.

Front 32

Free Radicals

Back 32

As molecules within the body undergo reactions, free radicals are created and then those free radicals react with other molecules.

Front 33

Acuity

Back 33

Sharpness; keenness. Decreases with age

Front 34

Presbyopia

Back 34

Farsightedness

Front 35

Arteriosclerosis

Back 35

Stiffening of the artery

Front 36

Artheriosclerosis

Back 36

The buildup of fat on the walls of arteries

Front 37

Heart failure, stroke

Back 37

Blockages in coronary artery lead to __________, while blockages in arteries leading to the brain cause _______.

Front 38

Structural Imaging

Back 38

Static, highly detailed snapshots of anatomical features

Front 39

Functional Imaging

Back 39

Monitors dynamic activities of brain concurrent with behavior

Front 40

Neuroscience Perspectives

Back 40

•Neuropsychological

•Correlational

•Activation Imaging

Front 41

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Back 41

Tangles developed in axon fibers. primary cause of Alzheimer's

Front 42

Plaques

Back 42

Buildup of dead neurons

Front 43

Decrease in both of these neurotransmitters with age

Back 43

Dopamine and Acetylcholine

Front 44

Shrinkage occurs in these three brain areas

Back 44

•Prefrontal Cortex

•Hippocampus

•Cerebellum

Front 45

White Matter Hyper-intensities

Back 45

Indicates myelin loss or atrophy; causes hypertension

Front 46

Plasticity

Back 46

Interactions between brain and environment

Front 47

•Men are more susceptible to disease

•Men live worse lifestyles (Drinking, smoking, diet)

•Men are risk takers

•Men are affected more by stress

Back 47

Why women live longer

Front 48

•Be conscientious

•Happiness in marriage

•Parents don't divorce

•Work late into life

Back 48

Advice for Longevity (Friedman & Martin)

Front 49

•Farming Background

•Born between Sept-Nov

•Born to a young mother

•Parental Longevity*

Back 49

Exceptional Longevity

Front 50

Frailty

Back 50

Found in 5-10% of adults over 70

Front 51

Birren Study

Back 51

Differentiated between primary aging and disease (secondary aging)

Front 52

Stress

Back 52

Physical & psychological reactions to certain demanding situations

Front 53

Stressor

Back 53

Cause of stress

Front 54

•Lowered immune system

•Increased BP

•Increased cholesterol

Back 54

Physical effects of prolonged stress

Front 55

Heart disease

Back 55

Anger and hostility (Type A) is a major predictor of

Front 56

Simple Life Events Model of Stress

Back 56

•Stress can be external or internal.

•Daily hassles add up to much of our stress. How they are handled is a good determinant of morale and life satisfaction

Front 57

Critiques of Simple life Events Model

Back 57

•Ignores individual experience and reaction

•Ignores age, health, and timing

Front 58

Cognitive Model of Stress

Back 58

Subjective perception is very important to coping with stress. Primary and secondary appraisals.

Front 59

Primary Appraisal

Back 59

Is this event something that us stressful?

Front 60

Secondary appraisal

Back 60

Can I handle this stressful event

Front 61

Problem focused coping strategies

Back 61

Attempts to modify, reduce, or eliminate stressors

Front 62

Emotional focused coping strategies

Back 62

Alter emotional response to stressor

Front 63

Kobasha Hardiness Model

Back 63

•Commitment

•Courage

•Control