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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is cattle feces different than ovine or caprine feces? |
Cattle feces are mostly water (only 3 loops in spiral colon - so less ability to extract water)
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What causes an osmotic diarrhea? |
Increased delivery of solutes to the LI. |
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What is the pathophysiology of gastric maldigestive diarrhea? |
there is a disruption in the fermentation or acid digestion of the food, resulting in large, poorly digestible feed productions. This can result from poor feed, medications, anorexia, rumen acidosis, ulceration. |
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What does the diarrhea look like in gastric maldigestion diarrhea? |
Rarely profuse, large pieces of undigested feed in feces. |
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What can lead to a grain overload diarrhea? |
Those animals with a ruminal acidosis and increased D and L lactate --> D lactate to the LI --> osmotic pull (so D+ is seen 1-3 days post acute insult). |
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How do you treat a grain over load diarrhea? |
Correct acid/base imbalance, e- imbalances and to put back on a healthy, fibrous diet |
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Which disease can cause diarrhea via a vaccine failure or a novel strain? |
BVDV |
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How is BVDV spread? |
Via respiratory |
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What causes the biphasic fever seen with BVDV? |
Fever #1 - with viremia (moving into the WBC), Fever # 2 with tissue inflammation |
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Where on the intestinal villus does BVDV attack? |
The rapidly dividing cells of the crypt |
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What does the attack of the epithelial cells lead to? |
Peyer's patch necrosis, ulceration, panleukopenia (BM infiltration), necrosis of crypt cells. |
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Where do you find lesions on BVDV? |
GIT from mouth to colon, nasal mucosa, ocular and oral mucosa, coronary band, +/- respiratory (more rare) |
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What can BVDV cause in about 5% of the infected? |
A thrombocytopenia --> DIC |
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When should you suspect BVDV? |
When there are multiple animals with a hemorrhagic diarrhea and a biphasic fever! |
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How do you diagnose BVDV |
Dead animal - PCR/IFA/IHC Survived? Titers (convalescent) Blood (LTT) for looking at the BUFFY COAT (virus is in the WBC)
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how do we prevent BVDV? |
VAccinations! Killed virus (more potent) - for calves, heifers and beef steer. MLV for pregnant animals (need to booster frequently) |
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Which BVDV vaccine is best for farms with a constant birthing? (Like dairies) |
the MLV vaccine. |
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How does mucsoal disease develop with BVDV? |
From a PI animal -- either mutation in self disease, an introduced cytopathic strain or a vaccine (that may or may not be related to self disease). This is more of an acute presentation of a chronic disease |
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What does dysentery mean? |
Bloody diarrhea |
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Who is most at risk for developing winter dysentery? |
Adult cattle that are housed in tight quarters indoors |
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How long does it take Winter dysentery to develop? |
2-8 days |
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How many in a herd will get and how many will die from winter dysentery? |
It is a HIGH MORBIDITY and LOW mortality |
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How is Winter dysentery spread |
Thought to be respiratory, may be fecal/oral. |
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What is the biggest contributor (probably) to winter dysentery? |
Poor management (using the same truck to spread manure AND feed) |
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What are the CxS of Winter Dysentery? |
a profuse, watery, HEMORRHAGIC diarrhea (+/- fever - rare), small to moderate drop in milk production, may have anorexia. |
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What cells does the corona virus of Winter dysentery attack? |
Those cells at the villus tip - resulting in a CLUBBED, shortened villi. |
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What sample do you need to collect to dx winter dysentery? |
FECES -- run ELISA, PCR, e- microscope. Can also check for AnG |
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How does MCF cause diarrhea? |
because it causes a severe, widespread VASCULITIS, it affects most epithelial surfaces, including that in the GIT. |
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What other lesions are present in MCF |
*Hematuria *Corneal Edema, conjunctivitis *Pyrexia *Diarrhea LYMPHADENOPATHY |
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Can MCF be latent? |
YES |
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What is toxic diarrhea? |
A diarrhea that is associated with a suspected endotoxemia (mastitis, coliform infection, metritis, gram - infections in a site beyond the GIT) |
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What disease can you confuse endotoxic diarrhea with? |
Salamonellosis |
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What is different about endotoxemia diarrhea and salmonella? |
The D+ in endotoxemia is generally less severe, usually also see other signs of endotoxemia - fever, tachycardia, poor CRT, injected mob, tachypnea. |
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How do you diagnose endotoxic diarrhea? |
Find the suspect infection |
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What if you do not find a causative infection for the endotoxic diarrhea? |
You will treat as if it is a salmonellosis. |
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What is so damn bad about arsenic? |
It is not able to be broken down further (so it will always be it's dangerous self)-- can be shed in milk - so goes to calves and humans that may be drinking that milk.
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What are sources of arsenic? |
Wood preservatives, medicines, industrial products, lead things. |
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What causes the damage with arsenic toxicities? |
*Direct surface irritant *inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation *Binds cysteine -- affecting METABOLICALLY active cells -- crypt cells, liver, renal. |
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Where are the lesions in arsenic? |
Gut, liver, kidney. -- Necrosis, fat deposition
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What are the CxS of arsenic? |
colic, vomition, rumen atony --> bloat. Can have a fetid (due to blood) diarrhea (watery, hemorrhagic) + ulceration. Ulceration leads to GI perf and DEATH Liver: seizures, obtundation, coma, icterus REnal: nonspecific |
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Why is dx arsenic so hard? |
B/c it leaves the body FAST -- so if you are just off by a few days, it won't be there anymore. |
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How can you tx arsenic? |
dBAL - British anti-Lewisite - 4-5mg/kg IM, then 1-3 mg/kg q4h for 24 hours - cost prohibitive!!! |
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So what do you really do for arsenic poisoning? |
Supportive treatment - gastric lavage, binding compds. |
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What must you do w/ the milk from a suspected arsenic animal? |
Discard it!! Also pull calf from cow~ |
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What is the key for arsenic |
Prevention!!! |