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18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What general approaches exist to define personality?
An approach emphasizing variations in our behavior across situations, one emphasizing consistency in our behavior that is determined by our underlying qualities.
What do we mean by the continuum of views about personality?
We can better understand personality along a continuum, where those who emphasize internal processes and constructs or qualities are on one extreme, and those who emphasize observable behaviors in response to the immediate environment are at the other end of the continuum.
What factors influence whether personality is stable in adulthood?
(1) One's definition of stability or change, (2) One's theoretical biases, (3) the particular design used to gather our facts about personality, (4) the level of personality that one studies, and (5) how one assesses personality
How can stability be defined?
The stability of averages or the stability of individual differences
How do Erikson's psychosocial crises reemerge later in life?
Trust (characterizing infancy) and industry (characterizing childhood) are played out several times over one's life in dealing with, respectively, the issues of intimacy (young adulthood) and generativity (middle adulthood). Likewise, one's identity (characteristic of adolescence) undergoes several transformations if one marries, has children, divorces, gains and loses a job, retires, or suffers the loss of one's spouse.
What is the life structure? How does it change in adulthood?
A coherent relationship between one's own goals and the roles on plays in various life arenas. The life structure evolves through a series of distinct periods, and is shaped by decisions that each individual makes at varying times in adulthood.
Does Levinson's work apply to women?
Yes; women go through the same transitions as do men, and these changes are experienced at similar ages. However, gender splitting permeates every aspect of women's lives; how they define themselves, the choice and availability of careers to them, their roles within marriage, and the perception that it is "unnatrual" to be the head of the household, an executive, and a leader if one is a female.
What are the benefits and costs of an accommodative identity style? Assimilative? Balanced?
In some cases, assimilation is simply not possible. Successful development or adaptation occurs when there is a balance between identity assimilation and identity accommodation.
What picture of personality change does the NEO model paint?
Costa et al. found stability in this model: N (neuroticism)-- E (Extroversion)-- O (Openness to Experience). Later, two other factors (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) were added to from a five factor model of personality.
What evidence is there for the influence of historical (cohort specific) factors on personality in adulthood?
Studies of the children of the Oakland Grwoth sample (1920-1921) and thos eo fthe Berkeley Guidance sample (1928-1929) in their respective adolescent years (The Great Depression of the 1930s) and again 30 years later. The earlier the Depression occurred in the lives of boys, the more negative was its impact, while the effects were opposite on girls.
Of what significance is being "in synch" or "out of synch" in adulthood?
Life events are much more likely tob e stressful if they occur off-time (out of synch) than when they are on-time (in synch).
What do we mean by a process approach to personality in adulthood?
Klaus Reigel suggests that the process of resolving crisis is really most crucial-- that the periods of stability that come between a "crisis" are the exception, rather than the rule.
By what process do adults evaluate life events that they experience?
When individuals are confronted with a life change, they engage in a series of cognitive appraisals which lead to behaviros which may or may not be successful in helping them adapt to change. Primary appraisals allow persons to evaluate the event in terms of its being positive, neutral, or stressful and negative. Secondary appraisal allows the individual to decide upon what options are available to cope with the event, if a chosen course of action is possible, and if the behaviors chosen will produce positive or negative outcomes. Tertiary appraisal or reappraisal allows one to incorporate new ifnormation into the situation.
What is the general adaptation syndrome?
Selye's notion of the body's three-phase reaction to stress or illness (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
By what processes do adults adjust to change?
Integrated, Armored or Defensive, Passive-Dependent, Unintegrated
Why is one's personality type important to understanding stress and coping in adulthood?
Interactions among hardiness, life event, and coping
What impact does age have on coping style?
Younger adults more frequently use hostility or fantasy to cope with life events, relative to middle-aged adults. Older persons with lower levels of disability use accommodative coping.
How do life events and life experience influence the stability of personality?
Life events can be catalysts for physical and emotional illness, or can cause personal growth. Still others serve as antecedents for behavioral change.