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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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early adolescence
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the period spanning roughly ages 10-13, corresponding roughly to the junior or middle high school years.
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middle adolescence
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the period spanning roughly age 14-17, corresponding to the high school years.
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late adolescence
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the period spanning roughly ages 18-21, corresponding approximately to the college years.
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emerging adulthood
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the period spanning roughly ages 18-25, during which individuals make the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
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puberty
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the biological changes of adolescence
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rite of passage
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a ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one social status to another, especially marking the young person’s transition to adulthood.
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ecological perspective on human development
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a perspective on development that emphasizes the broad context in which development occurs.
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microsystem
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in the ecological perspective on human development, the immediate settings in which adolescents develop, such as the family or the peer group.
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mesosystem
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in the ecological perspective on human development, the layer of the environment formed by two or more immediate settings, as in the home-school
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exosystem
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in the ecological perspective on human development, the layer of the environment that does not directly contain the developing person but that affects the setting in which the person lives.
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macrosystem
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in the ecological perspective on human development, the outermost layer of the environment, containing forces such as history and culture.
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psychosical
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referring to aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature, such as developing a sense of identity or sexuality.
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identity
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the domain of psychosocial development involving self-conceptions, self-esteem, and the sense of who one is.
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autonomy
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the psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of identity.
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intimacy
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the psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships.
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sexuality
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the psychosocial domain concerning the development and express of sexual feeling.
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achievment
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the psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluate situations.
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ephebephobio
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the irrational fear of adolescents.
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endocrine system
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the system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.
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hormones
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highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands.
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glands
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organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones
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gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH) neurons
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specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.
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set point
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a physiological level or setting (e.g. of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.
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feedback loop
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a cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the gonads.
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pituitary gland
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one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.
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hypothalamus
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a lower part of the brain stem that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland.
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gonads
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the glands that secrete sex hormones; in males, the testes; in females the ovaries.
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HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis
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the neurophysiological pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.
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androgens
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a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.
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estrogens
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a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.
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adrenarche
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the mutation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.
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cortisol
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a hormone produced when we are exposed to stress.
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leptin
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a protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty
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organization role of hormones
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the process through which early exposure to hormones, especially prenatally, organizes the brain or other organs in anticipation of later changes in behavior or patterns of growth.
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activational role of hormones
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the process through which changes in hormone levels, especially at puberty, stimulate changes in the adolescent’s behavior, appearance, and growth
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adolescent growth spurt
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the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
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peak height velocity
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the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.
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epiphysis
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the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.
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secondary sex characteristics
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the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.
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tanner stages
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a widely used system used to describe the five stages of pubertal development.
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pharomones
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a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.
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secular trend
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the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition
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cross sectional study
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a study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time.
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longitudinal study
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a study that follows the same group of individuals over time.
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delayed phase preferance
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a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.
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melotonin
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a hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness.
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basal metabolism rate
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the minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state.
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BMA
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a measure of an individual’s body fat, the ration of weight to height, used to gauge overweight and obesity.
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disordered eating
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mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes
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bulimia
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an eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and self induced vomiting
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and sever self-induced weight loss.
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adolescent healthcare
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a field of study and health care devoted to understanding the health care needs of individuals during the second decade of life.
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health compromising behavior
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behaviors that place individuals at risk for health problems.
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health enhancing behavior
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behaviors that lessen individuals’ risk for health problems or that increase well being.
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school based health centers
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a relatively new approach to the delivery of healthcare services to adolescents that places health care providers in offices located in or adjacent to schools
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deductive reasoning
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a type of logical responding in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of promises, or givens
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning that involves drawing an inference from the evidence that one has.
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metacognition
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the process of thinking about thinking itself.
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imaginary audience belief
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the belief, often brought on by the heightened self consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior.
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personal fable
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an adolescent’s belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior
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cognitive development view
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a perspective on development, based on the work of Piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach.
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sensory motor period
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the first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between birth and 2.
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preoperational period
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the second stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5.
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concrete operations
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the third stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence.
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formal operations
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the fourth stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood.
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propositional logic
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an abstract system of logic that forms the basis of formal operational thinking.
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competence
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performance distinction: the distinction between what individuals are capable of and what they actually do, important in the study of cognitive development.
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information processing perspective
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perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)
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selective attention
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the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another
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divided attention
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the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time.
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working memory
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the aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved.
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long term memory
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the ability to recall something from a long time ago.
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of task.
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task, it is more invasive than an fMRI.
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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI):
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a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions.
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synaptic pruning
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the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing.
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neurons
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nerve cells
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myelination
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the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing.
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prefrontal cortex
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the part of the brain responsible for may higher-order cognitive skills, such as decision making and planning.
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dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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the outer and upper areas of the front of the brain, important for skills such as planning ahead and controlling impulses.
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ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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the lower and center area at the front of the brain, important for gut-level decision making
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orbitofrontal cortex
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the region of the brain located directly behind the eyes, important for the evaluation of risk and reward.
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neurotransmitters
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chemical substances in the brain that carry electrical impulses across synapses.
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limbic system
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an area of the brain that plays a role in emotional experience.
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zone of proximal development
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in Vygotsky’s theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual’s reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills.
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scaffolding
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structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student.
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culture-fair test
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standardized tests that do not, by virtue of their construction, favor one cultural or ethnic group over another.
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social cognition
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the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations, and about social institutions.
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implicit personality theory
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an intuitive understanding of human behavior and motivation that emerges during early adolescence.
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social perspective taking
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the ability to view events from the perspective of others.
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mutual role taking
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in Selman’s theory, the stage of social perspective taking during which the young adolescent can be an objective third party and can see how the thoughts or actions of one personal can affect those of another.
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social convitions
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the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations
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behavioral decisions theory
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an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes.
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sensation seeking
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the enjoyment of novel and intense experiences.
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criticle thinkign
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thinking that is in-depth, analytical, and decimating
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