Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is gender?
|
- refers to the social categories of male and female. This implies that the characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, perception and influences. E.g. girls tend to have a more negative body image than males in adolescence
- social, based on culture and social beliefs |
|
|
What is sex?
|
- refers to the biological status of being male or female. Use of the term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have a biological basis. Eg. The fact that males grow more muscular at puberty and females develop breasts
- <b>biological basis |
|
|
Girls in traditional culture typically work __________ their mothers from an early age. By 6 or 7 take care of siblings and help their mothers obtain food
|
alongside
|
|
|
In traditional cultures - girls typically maintain a _______ relationship with their mothers and spend a great deal of time with them
|
close
|
|
|
During adolescence the “world
__________ for girls” |
contracts
|
|
|
In traditional culture - girls have (narrow or broader?) socialization at adolescence because their budding sexuality is more likely to be tightly restricted
|
narrower
|
|
|
In traditional culture boys typically have _______ contact with their families and more contact with peers
|
less
|
|
|
During adolescence the ‘world _________ for boys’
|
expands
|
|
|
What is a <i>flojo</i>?
(Spanish word) |
a failed man
|
|
|
What 3 capacities must a boy demonstrate before he is considered a man?
|
1.<b>Provide</b> – show skills that are economically useful and ability to support his wife and children
2.<b>Protect</b> – show he can contribute to protecting his family, tribe and other groups 3.<b>Procreate</b> – must gain some degree of sexual experience before marriage |
|
|
What are the 3 manhood transformations (rotundo)?
|
1.<b>Communal Manhood</b> (17th and 18th centuries)
- The focus on gender expectations for adolescent boys was on preparing to assume adult role responsibilities in work and marriage 2.<b>Self-Made Manhood </b>(19th century) – Males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families in adolescence and emerging adulthood 3.<b>Passionate Manhood</b> (20th century) –Passionate emotions such as anger and sexual desire became regarded more favorably as part of the manhood ideal –Self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues |
|
|
What did L. Kohlberg say gender constancy is?
|
gender constancy is the understanding that gender is an innate characteristic that cannot be changed
|
|
|
What 3 steps do children seem to develop gender constancy at, according to Kohlberg?
|
1. <b>Gender identity </b>– a child’s ability to label his or her sex correctly and identify other people as men or women. Begins as early as 9 months through 3 years
2. <b>Gender stability </b>– which is the understanding that you stay the same gender throughout life. This occurs about age 4. 3.<b> Development of true gender constancy</b> – which is the recognition that someone stays the same gender even though she or he may appear to change by wearing different clothes. This occurs around age 5 or 6 and is related to the development of the concept of conservation. |
|
|
What is self-socialization?
|
– according to cognitive development theory, children seek to maintain consistency between their categories and their behaviour
|
|
|
What is gender constancy?
|
staying the same gender
|
|
|
What is the Bem Role Sex Inventory?
|
- Describes traits regarded by most members of the American majority culture as <b>being masculine or feminine</b>
- Most widely used <b>measure</b> of gender role perception |
|
|
Are androgynes children more flexible and creative?
|
yes
|
|
|
Black adolescent girls tend to have (higher/lower?) self-esteem and are (more/less) concerned with physical appearance than White girls
|
higher
less |
|
|
What is <i>machismo</i>?
|
male dominance
latino men |
|
|
Whats the difference between family of procreation and family of orientation?
|
Family of procreation – a family you create yourself
Family of orientation – family you came from |
|
|
Most human characteristics fall into a _______________ where a small proportion of people rate much higher; a small proportion rate much lower; but most people fall somewhere in the middle
|
normal distribution
|
|
|
What is the persistence of gender difference?
|
1.Gender <u>schemas</u> tend to shape the way we notice, interpret, and remember <u>information</u> according to our expectations about genders
2.Social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different <u>capabilities</u> (social roles theory) 3.Differential gender socialization leads males and females to develop different <u>skills and attitudes</u> which leads to different behaviors – the differences in behavior seem to confirm the appropriateness of the different roles. For example, caring for children is part of the female gender role in most cultures… |
|
|
Earlier in American history, adolescent girls were constricted in many ways, but also experienced a “____________” of involvement and concern by adult women.
|
protective umbrella
|
|
|
Cognitive developmental theory and gender schema theory state that we tend to organize our perceptions of the world according to___________ of male and female.
|
schemas
|
|
|
What is <i>rumspringa</i>?
|
begins when amish are 16 – have to decide if they want to join the amish church or not
|
|
|
What is "bed courtship"?
|
amish boy is allowed to share the bed of the amish girl for the night
|
|
|
Enhanced cognitive capacity in adolescence means that adolescents change in their self-conceptions, self-esteem, and their emotional understanding
|
.
|
|
|
What is broad socialization?
|
- promote independent, individualistic self
-encourage self reflection -self esteem valued highly - americans are known for their individualism and focus on self-oriented issues. Competitive individualism |
|
|
What is narrow socialization?
|
- interdependent self
Needs and interests of others (i.e. groups) take precedence over self-esteem - collectivistic cultures are characterized by narrow culture. Focus onfamily, group, nation, religion, etc |
|
|
Who was the term "self esteem" coined by?
|
William James
|
|
|
What are the two selves in adolescence?
|
Actual Self
Possible Selves * • The formal operational ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea mean that self-understanding becomes more complex in adolescence. |
|
|
What is the Actual Self?
|
Who I am? -persons perceptions of the self as it is
|
|
|
What is are the Possible Selves?
|
- Possible Selves “Who I might become” - person’s conception of the self as it potentially may be
o Ideal Self “Who I would like to be” o Feared Self “Who I dread becoming” |
|
|
What's the difference between self esteem and self concept?
|
•Self-esteem
- Refers to a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being •Self-concept - Refers to the way a person views and evaluates herself or himself (Also self-image or self-perception) |
|
|
What is baseline self-esteem?
|
- Stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being with occasional bad day, self-critical or incompetent…
|
|
|
What is barometric self-esteem?
|
- Fluctuating sense of worth and well-being as one responds to different thoughts, experiences, etc., through the course of a day. Early adolescence is a time when variations in barometric self esteem are especiall intense
|
|
|
What are the 8 domains of the adolescent self image?
|
1.Scholastic Competence
2.Social Acceptance 3.Athletic Competence 4.Physical Appearance 5.Job Competence 6.Romantic Appeal 7.Behavioral Conduct 8.Close Friendship each domain of self-image influences global self-esteem only to the extent that the adolescent views that domain as important. Some domains of self-esteem are more important than others to most adolescents |
|
|
Which of Harter’s eight aspects of self-image would you expect to be most important in adolescence?
|
Physical appearance
followed by acceptance from peers |
|
|
When does self esteem rise?
|
during emerging adulthood
|
|
|
What is Psychosocial Moratorium?
|
a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves
|
|
|
What is Erikson's Psychosocial theory of development?
|
1. Trust vs Mistrust
- birth to 1 ½ years 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - 1 ½ to 3 years 3. Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 6 years 4. Industry vs Inferiority - 6 to 12 years 5. Indentity vs Role Confusion - adolescence - time of major testing, as adolescents try to determine what is unique and special about themselves 6. Intimacy vs isolation - young adulthood - developing close relationships 7. Generativity vs Stagnation - middle adulthood - contributions to one’s family, community, work, and society, assisting the development of the younger generation 8. Ego-integrity vs Despair - late adulthood - reviewing life’s successes and failures |
|
|
What are the "identity statuses" according to James Marcia?
|
1. <b>Identity diffusion</b> – have no commitments nor trying to form them
2. <b>foreclosure </b>– commitments based on identification with parents, teachers or religious leaders 3. <B>moratorium </b>– actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to make a choice 4. <b>identity achievement </b>– developed firm commitment |
|
|
three stages in the development of ethnic identity are hypothesized:
|
1. <b>unexamined ethnic identity</b> – similar to diffusion or foreclosure
2. <b>ethnic identity search</b> – some incident makes teen aware of ethnic identity and causes exploration 3. <b>achieved ethnic identity</b> – involves a clear self-acceptance as a member of one’s ethnic group |
|
|
The conception of the "self" is distinctly Western. T/F?
|
true
|
|
|
What are Phiney's 4 ethnic identities?
|
<b>Bicultural </b>– developing a dual identity
<b>Assimilated </b>– leaving behind the ways of ethnic group and adopting the values of the dominant culture <b>Separated</b> – associating only with members of one’s ethnic group and rejecting the majority culture <b>Marginal </b>– rejected one’s culture e.g. aboriginal people |
|
|
What is hybrid identity?
|
integrating <b>local</b> culture with elements of <b>global</b> culture
•Many young people around the world develop a bicultural identity in relation to the global culture |
|
|
How much time do adolescents spend alone?
|
one forth
|
|
|
What's the difference between social loneliness and emotional loneliness?
|
•Social Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient social contacts and relationships
•Emotional Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient closeness and intimacy |
|
|
According to Erikson, the key issue in adolescent development is _________ vs _________ confusion; three principal areas of identity formation are love, work, and ideology.
|
identity vs. role
|
|
|
What is a dyadic relationship?
|
a relationship of two persons as well as every possible combination of three or more persons
|
|
|
What are the two key ideas/principles of the family systems approach?
|
1. Each subsystem influences every other subsystem in the family. E.g. conflict between the parents affects not only the relationship between the two of them but also the relationship that each of them has with the adolescent
2. A change in any family member or family subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium or imbalance until the family system adjusts to the change. A key change is the advent of puberty and sexual maturity, which typically results in disequilibrium in relationships with each parent. |
|
|
Why is midlife the prime of life for many people?
|
–Job satisfaction peaks
–Job status and power peaks –Earning power increases –Marital problems decline –Marital satisfaction increases –Gender roles become less restrictive –People’s personalities tend to become more flexible and adaptive –Adolescents’ increased autonomy may be welcomed by parents |
|
|
Five common patterns in adolescents’ relationships with siblings:
|
1.Caregiver relationship – one sibling serves parental function
2.Buddy relationship – siblings treat each other as friends; try to be like one another and enjoy being together 3.Critical relationship – is characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing 4.Rival relationship – siblings compete against each other and measure their success against one another 5.Casual relationship – relationship is not emotionally intense, and they may have little to do with one another |
|
|
Parenting styles have been described in what two dimensions?
|
1.<b>Demandingness </b>(i.e., control)
•The degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them 2.<b>Responsiveness </b>(i.e., warmth) •The degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and the extent to which they express love, warmth, and concern for their children |
|
|
Baumrind developed grid of four parenting styles based on whether parents are high or low on each of the two dimensions. What are the 4?
|
• <b>authoritative </b>– parents are highly restrictive, make strong demands for maturity, reason with their children and provide them strong support and feelings of love; these children demonstrate self-reliance, independence, high self-esteem, high levels of activity and exploratory behaviour, and social competence; highly motivated and do well in school.
•<b> authoritarian</b> – these parents value obedience with little explanation for their reasoning; do not communicate well with their children; do not respect child’s view point; these parents are mostly cold and rejecting; sons of these parents are relatively hostile and defiant; daughters are low in independence and dominance; children are less friendly and less spontaneous in social interactions; have low self-esteem and are low in self-reliance • <b>permissive-indulgent</b> – parents are low in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behaviour; parents are easygoing and unconventional; permission accom |
|
|
Research on child rearing goals shows that American parents tend to value ___________ highly as a quality they wish to promote in their children
|
independence
|
|
|
Authoritarian parenting clearly discourages independence but the other three parenting styles reflect parents’ beliefs that it is good for adolescents to learn ________
|
autonomy
|
|
|
What are the big 5 personalities?
|
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
|
|
|
The most striking difference in parenting styles is how rare the ________ parenting style is in non-Western cultures
|
authoritative
|
|
|
What is the attachment theory?
|
Attachments between parents and children have an evolutionary basis in the need for vulnerable young members of the species to stay in close proximity to adults who will care for and protect them.
|
|
|
What are the two types of attachment?
|
1.<b>Secure attachment</b>:
•Infants use the mother as a ‘secure base from which to explore’ but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened 2.<b>Insecure attachment</b>: •Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation |
|
|
What are two reasons for conflict in early adolescence?
|
biological changes
cognitive changes |
|
|
Is conflict universal and natural?
|
no
it is rare for parents and adolescents in traditional culture to engage in the kind of frequent, petty conflicts typical of parent-adolescent relationship in the American majority culture |
|
|
Late adolescents and emerging adults describe their closest relationship:
|
1.Friendly (focus on shared activities)
2.Intimate (focus on affection, emotional attachment) 3.Integrated (combines friendly and intimate) 4.Uninvolved (focus on neither shared activities nor intimacy) College students were more likely than high school students to be rated as having an intimate or integrated friendship relationship. |
|
|
What are the 4 different kinds of support from friends?
|
• <b>informational support</b> – advice and guidance in solving personal problems
- e.g. friends, romantic relationships, schools - “what should I do? Should I ask jimi to go out with me?” • <b>instrumental support</b> – help with tasks of various kinds, such as homework, household chores, etc. - “thanks for helping me with my math homework” •<b> companionship support </b>– is being able to rely on each other as companions in social activities • <b>Esteem Support</b> - “Don’t worry about it, you’re the best guitar player here. You’ll win the songwriting contest next time.” |
|
|
What are the 5 major types of crowds?
|
1. elites (popular, preppies), with high social status
2. athletes (jocks) 3. academics (brains) 4. deviants (druggies) 5. others (normal, don’t stand out) |
|
|
What are some non-physical forms of aggression?
|
- Gossiping
- Spreading rumors - Snubbing - Excluding |
|
|
What are 3 components of youth culture?
|
1.Image –dress, hairstyle, tattoos, other aspects of appearance
2.Demeanor – distinctive forms of gesture, gait, posture 3.Argot – certain vocabulary and way of speaking |
|
|
What are the 3 types of technological change and youth culture?
|
1.Post figurative Culture
- Youth learn from their elders (e.g., traditional methods of farming) 2.Cofigurative Culture - Learning from both elders and peers 3.Pre figurative Culture – young people would teach adults how to use the latest technology - Chanté teaches her grandmother how to use the Internet |
