Addicott Ap Bio Big Idea 2 Unit Test Review

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Abiotic

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Nonliving; referring to physcial and chemical properties of an environment

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Active Transport

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movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins

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Anabolic Reactions

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metabolic pathways that consume energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds

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ATP

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An adenine-contaning nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

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ATP synthetase

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A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell and in the plamsa membrane in prokaryotic cells. Also in Chloroplasts.

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Biotic

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pertaining to living organsims in the environment

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Calvin Cycle

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The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) involving the fixation of atmospheric C02 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrates

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Catabolic Reactions

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A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

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Chemiosmosis

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An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy storedi n the form of a hydrongen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

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Cholroplast

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an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

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Competitive Inhibitor

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A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics

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Concentration Gradient

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A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

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Cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Path of electron flow during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in which photosystem I transfers excited electrons back to the electron transport chain of photosystem II, rather than to NADP+. Also called cyclic electron flow.

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Cytoskeleton

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A net work of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

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Diffusion

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The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration to a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated

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Endergonic Reactions

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A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

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Energy Coupling

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In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

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Enthalpy

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the amount of thermal energy emitted or absorbed by a chemical reaction, under conditions of constant pressure

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Entropy

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A measure of disorder, or randomness

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Exergonic Reactions

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A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy

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Facilitated Diffusion

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The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins

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Feedback Inhibition

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A method of meabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

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Fermentation

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A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alchohol or lactic acid

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G Proteins

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A GTP binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell

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Glycolysis

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The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolisis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

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Golgi Apparatus

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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, sore, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and sythesize some products, notable noncellulose carbohydrates

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Homeostasis

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The steady state of physiological condition of the body

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Hypertonic

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Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water

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Hypotonic

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Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

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Isotonic

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Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell,has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell

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Krebs Cycle

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second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

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Lysosome

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A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

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Metabolism

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The totality of an organisms chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

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Mitochondrion

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An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

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Negative Feedback

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A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

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Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

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The set of light-dependent reactions of the two plant photosystems, in which excited electrons are shuttled between the two photosystems producing a proton gradient that is used for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP. The electrons are used to reduce NADP to NADPH. Lost electrons are replaced by the oxidation of water producing O2.

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Nucleus

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(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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Passive Transport

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The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.

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Photosynthesis

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The conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds

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Positive Feedback

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A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

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Ribosome

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A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that contains attached ribosomes

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Rubisco

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the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP).

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes