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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In young puppies what acoustic window to the brain can be used up to approximately 1 month of age?
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The bregmatic fontanelle
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A kittens brain can be imaged through the fontanelle up to which age?
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5 months
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On transverse sonographic images of the brainwhat structures form an umbrella-like structure?
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the longitudinal fissure and splenial sulci
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What is the echogenicity of the caudate nuclei?
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Hyperechoic curved structures
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On transverse sonographic images of the brain where does the choroid plexus lie?
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Lies on the floor the central portion of the lateral ventricle and the roof of the temporal horn) is hyperechoic)
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What is the shape of ventricles in kittens?
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Slit like
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In dogs the internal carotid artery enters the cranial vault and divides into which vessels?
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The rostral cerebral. Middle cerebral. Caudal communicating artery.
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Which vessels unite to form the basilar artery?
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the vertebral arteries
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The basilar artery enters the brain caudally and divides into which vessels?
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The right and left caudal communicating arteries
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Houde’s cat brain vasculature differ from dogs?
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Terminal extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery is regressed
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In dogs and cars the ascending pharyngeal artery arises from which vessel?
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The external carotid artery
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In cats what artery is a major source of blood to the brain?
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The ascending pharyngeal artery
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Hydrocephalus is common in which breeds?
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To a breed dogs
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What is a common sign of hydrocephalus?
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May have persistent fontanelles
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What is the cause of acquired hydrocephalus?
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Obstruction at various locations in the ventricular system
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What can cause nonobstructive hydrocephalus?
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Interference with absorption of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the venous system
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What is the echogenicity of most brain neoplasms and animals?
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hyperechoic to the adjacent normal brain
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What is the appearance of abscess sedation in the brain?
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A cavitary and hypoechoic lesion containing swirling cellular material compressing the surrounding parenchyma
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What is the sonographic appearance of a granuloma of the brain parenchyma?
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A well marginated hyperechoic lesion
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What is the echogenicity of bleeding into the brain when seen immediately?
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Hypoechoic
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Houde does the echogenicity of bleeding into the brain change over time?
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Erythrocyte aggregation causes a lesion to become hyperechoic. As the clot breaks down anechoic or hypoechoic areas may be seen
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Arachnoid cyst are most commonly seen where?
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in the quadrigeminal cistern
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What is the appearance of a arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal cistern?
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A well-defined anechoic mass between the caudal aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
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In the case of a quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst where will the midbrain be found?
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Ventral to the cyst and the cerebellum will be caudal
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What is a term for the condition where the cerebral hemispheres are almost obliquely absent or absent?
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Hydranencephaly
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In dogs what condition is suspected if there is lateral separation of the rostral horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles with enlargement and dorsal displacement of the third ventricle?
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Agenesis of the corpus callosum
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Chiari-type 1 malformations of the Maltese Cavalier King Charles are usually associated with anomalies of what?
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The first cervical vertebrae and skull
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What reported clinical signs been seen and a Boston terrier with Dandy-Walker like syndrome?
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Ataxia. Rolling. Intention tremors.
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What are the sonographic findings of Dandy-Walker like syndrome?
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Aplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Confluence of the lateral ventricles. Enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles. Cystic lesions within the cerebellum
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Bladder some causes of cerebral cortico-hypoplasia?
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Inherited abnormalities. Tox and. In utero infections. Vascular insults
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Cerebellar hypoplasia due to abnormal development can be caused by what type of viral infection?
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pan leukopenia (feline parvovirus)
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When his ultrasonography of the spinal cord usually performed?
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Only during surgical laminectomies. Corpectomy. Foraminotomy.
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When using a ventral transabdominal approach for sonography of the spinal cord where can the cord be seen?
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Only at the disc space
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What is perhaps most common use the spinal cord sonography?
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Intraoperatively to evaluate whether all disc material has been removed from the spinal canal during laminectomy or ventral slot
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What is echogenicity of the spinal cord?
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Hypoechoic
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What is the echogenicity of the meninges?
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Hyperechoic
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The spinal cord is supplied by which vessels?
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The ventral and dorsal branches of spinal arteries that originate from vertebral thoracic vertebral and lumbar arteries
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What is the echogenicity of disc material to the spinal cord parenchyma?
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Hyperechoic
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Herniated disc material may appear how?
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Amorphous bright material with irregular margins
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What is the echogenicity of hemorrhage within the spinal cord?
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Hyperechoic
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What is the appearance of traumatic hematomas in the vertebral canal?
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amorphous inhomogenous an irregularly marginated
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What is the appearance of neoplasia of the spinal cord?
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Nonspecific and varies in echogenicity and uniformity
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What is a term for dilation of the central canal within ependymal lining?
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Hydromyelia
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What is a term for cavitation within the spinal cord lacking and ependymal lining?
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syrinx
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What is a term for the combination of hydromyelia and syrinx?
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Syringomyelia
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In which condition is syringomyelia mainly described?
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Chiari type I like malformation
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What other processes can lead to syringomyelia?
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Trauma. Neoplasia. Intracranial epidermoid cyst. Arachnoiditis
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In all cases syringo-my daily is thought to occur as a consequence of what?
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Altered CSF dynamics
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What condition may also occur concurrently with syringomyelia increasing the spinal cord echogenicity?
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concurrent myelomalacia
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What condition seen in a Manx cat involves tethering of the spinal cord?
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Meningocele
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What is the sonographic appearance of disco spondylitis?
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Visualization of a partial or complete loss of fiber organization of the discs
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In longitudinal section what is the sonographic appearance of nerves?
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Tubular hypoechoic structures with linear echogenic walls
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Which is brighter the walls of nerves or of vessels?
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The walls of nerves are brighter and better defined
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What is the sonographic appearance of nerves in transverse section?
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Circular or oval hypoechoic structures
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What is the sonographic appearance of a nerve with demyelinization without rupture?
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The nerve is poorly visualized distal to the site of injury
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What is 3 sonographic description of nerve sheath tumor in the brachial plexus?
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Hypoechoic tubular structures or as fusiform masses exhibiting mixed echogenicity
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A tumor of the brachial plexuses can usually be visualized by ultrasound if they exceed what size?
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5 mm
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In dogs and cats the liver is composed of how many lobes?
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Four. Right lobe. Left lobe. Caudate lobe. Quadrate lobe |
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Name the two processes of the caudate lobe?
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Caudate and papillary processes |
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Which lobe of the liver forms a third to nearly a half of the entire liver mass?
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The left lobe |
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Which lobe is relatively central and partially encircle the gallbladder?
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Quadrate lobe |
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Which lobe is the most caudal extension of the liver on the right side?
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The caudate lobe |
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What is the thickness of the gallbladder wall in cats and dogs?
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Cats 1 mm thick. Dogs less than 2-3 mm |
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In normal dogs and cats the common bile duct is how wide?
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Dogs 3 mm wide. Cats 4mm wide. |
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Where does the cystic duct enters the duodenum?
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At the major duodenal papilla |
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The portal vein supplies what percentage of afferent vascular flow to the liver?
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80% |
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Where do the hepatic veins lead to?
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the caudal vena cava |
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What is the sonographic appearance of the portal veins?
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Hyperechoic |
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What is the normal portal vein-aorta ratios?
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0.71-1.25 in dogs and cats |
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The confluence of which vessels form the main portal vein?
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The cranial and caudal mesenteric veins and splenic vein. |
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The portal vein receives a small tributary from which vein?
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The gastroduodenal vein |
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What are the mean portal flow velocities in dogs and cats?
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dogs 15 +-3 to 18 +-8. Cats 10-8cm/s |
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Hepatic lipidosis and steroid hepatopathies are usually associated with what type of diffuse change in parenchymal echogenicity and hepatomegaly?
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Increased echogenicity |
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In cats cholangiohepatitis is most commonly associated with what type of change in parenchymal echogenicity?
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A decrease in echogenicity and increased visibility of the portal vasculature |
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In dogs acute hepatitis has seen with leptospirosis tends to cause what type of diffuse liver change?
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Hypoechogenicity |
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Chronic hepatitis is typically associated with an increased echogenicity due to what ?
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fibrosis |
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What is a typical appearance of cirrhosis of the liver?
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The liver is small hyperechoic and irregular and contour |
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What is the appearance of lymphoma of the liver?
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May not be detectable or cause diffuse parenchymal hypoechogenicity hyperechogenicity or mixed with or without hypoechoic nodules |
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What is the common appearance of histiocytic neoplasms of the liver?
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Hypoechoic nodules or masses although diffuse hepatic hypoechogenicity has been reported |
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Which hepatic neoplasia tends to cause diffuse hyperechogenicity?
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Mast cell infiltration |
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What is a common presentation of hepatic carcinoma?
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A mixed pattern of echogenicity |
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Amyloidosis primarily affects which breeds?
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har-pei , Abyssinian & Siamese cats |
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What is the sonographic appearance of amyloidosis and cats?
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Liver tends to become diffusely heterogenous with mixed hyperechoic and hypoechoic foci |
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In dogs a liver that is highly hyperechoic with diffusely distributed 0.5-1.5 cm hypoechoic regions producing a honeycomb appearance is consistent with what finding?
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Hepato-cutaneous syndrome (superficial necrolytic dermatitis) |
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What is the common appearance of benign nodular hyperplasia of the liver?
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Hypoechoic nodules measuring less than 5-15 mm wide |
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What is a target lesion?
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Focal hypoechoic lesion with a hyperechoic center commonly associated with metastasis (although can be benign) |
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The finding of at least one target lesion in the liver are spleen has a positive predictive value of how much for malignancy in small animals?
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74% |
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What other finding is also consistent with neoplasms of round cell origin of the liver?
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Significant hepatic lymphadenopathy |
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In which species are cystic or cavitary tumors more common?
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Cats |
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What is the appearance of a hepatic abscess (uncommon in dogs and cats)?
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Round oval regular or irregular hypoechoic lesions that are often cavitated |
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What type the disease can cause hepatic granuloma or pyogranulomas in dogs and cats?
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A fungal disease (also FIP) |
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In people granulomas tend to have which echogenicity?
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Hyperechogenicity |
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In which direction does dilation occur after complete obstruction of the common bile duct ?
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retrograde that initially affects the common bile duct and gallbladder followed by the extra hepatic ducts and intrahepatic ducts. |
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In cats a common bile duct wider then what value is usually predictive of obstruction?
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More than 4 mm wide |
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What condition is often responsible for common bile duct obstruction particularly in dogs?
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pancreatitis because of edema inflammation and fibrosis. |
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The double rim pattern of the gallbladder is often seen with which condition?
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Gallbladder wall edema |
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What are common signs of cholecystitis?
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Thickening of the common bile duct wall and luminal dilation. |
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What is the sonographic appearance of a gallbladder polyp?
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A pedunculated echogenic mass protruding into the gallbladder lumen
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Gallbladder mucoceles are recognized in which type of dogs?
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Older dogs of small and medium-sized breeds
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What is the common description for the sonographic appearance of a mucocele?
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A stellate pattern initially followed by the appearance of the mobile hyperechoic radiating striations leading to the kiwi fruit pattern
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A discontinuity in the gallbladder wall may be a sonographic sign of what condition?
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All bladder rupture (along with the presence of hyperechoic fact)
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Choleliths are often incidental but may dictated an underlying consecutive telemetry process and which feces?
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cats
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What is the general description of a portosystemic shunt?
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A vascular anomaly connecting the portal system to the systemic circulation through the caudal vena cava or azygos vein
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Are congenital portosystemic shunts typically single or multiple?
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Single
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What is the most common type of portosystemic shunt in small debris dogs and cats?
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Extrahepatic PSS arising from the main portal vein or a tributary
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Where do portal caval shunts typically terminate?
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In the caudal vena cava cranial to the right renal vein
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What is the common direction of a portal azygos shunt?
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Typically dives cranial dorsally in the direction of the aortic hiatus after originating from one of the portal branches
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What type of portosystemic shunt is prevalent in large breed dogs?
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intrahepatic
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R the 3 morphologic forms of an intrahepatic shunt?
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Left additional. Right divisional. Central divisional.
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What is most common form of an intrahepatic shunt?
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Left divisional caused by a patent ductus venosus
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What is a common appearance of a left divisional shunt?
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A large tortuous vessel originating from the intrahepatic portal vein curving to the left portion of the liver before entering the caudal vena cava
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What is the appearance of a Central divisional shunt question mark
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presents as a window type shunt between a closely aligned intrahepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava. The portal vein is commonly dilated at the site of the foramen
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A PV-aorta ratios of ≤ 0.65 predicts the presence of what type of shunt?
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Extrahepatic (ratio of ≥ 8 excludes a shunt)
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What other signs are commonly present with PSS?
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Renomegaly and urolithiasis
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Chronic liver disease or infiltrative neoplasia can have what effect on portal vein compliance?
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Reduce portal vein compliance and increased pressure
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Portal hypertension is suspected within the portal flow is reduced to what level?
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Velocity < 10 cm/second
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Portal vein thrombosis can result from what 3 conditions?
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Hypercoagulable state. Vascular stasis. Damage to the vascular endothelium
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Hepatic venous congestion is more commonly caused by what condition?
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Right-sided heart insufficiency
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What is the sonographic appearance of hepatic congestion?
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The caudal vena cava and hepatic veins are dilated and the liver is typically enlarged and hypoechoic
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Splenic arteries are usually not seen on ultrasound. True or false?
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True
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In cats folding of the spleen upon itself indicates what?
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Splenic enlargement
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In dog splenomegaly with normal echogenicity is a common finding after sedation with what drug?
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Acepromazine
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A diffusely lacey hypoechoic echotexture of the spleen is commonly seen in which condition?
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Splenic torsion also seen with extensive venous thrombosis
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A spotted echotexture of the spleen with multiple small hypoechoic nodules is highly suggestive of what disease?
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Lymphoma (although it can be seen in benign and other malignant conditions)
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What is a sonographic sign of a splenic mass?
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deformation of the splenic border
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According to a recent publication which are more common benign splenic masses or malignant masses in the dog?
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Benign splenic mass lesions are more common
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What type a splenic lesion is more commonly associated with malignant processes such as metastasis?
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Target lesions
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What is the sonographic appearance of a splenic infarction?
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The affected area is hypoechoic sharply demarcated and shows decreased or absent blood flow
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What condition is suspected when there is progressive enlargement of the spleen with decreased absent blood flow?
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Splenic torsion
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What is the typical number of peristaltic contractions in the dog?
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4-5 contractions per minute
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With section of the canine small intestine is thicker?
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The duodenum
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In cats what is the difference of the thickness between the duodenum and the jejunum?
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There is no difference
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What is the ultrasound appearance of a trichobezoar in a cat?
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irregular bright interfaces was strong uniform clean acoustic shadow |
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What is most common ultrasound finding of inflammatory bowel disease?
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wall thickening
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What is the usual characterization of bowel inflammation?
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Stents of an symmetrical wall thickening with preserved layers
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What is the ultrasound appearance of the gastric ulcer?
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Discrete mucosal defects outlined by hyperechoic microbubbles accumulated at the crater site
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Gastric wall edema is commonly associated with what other 2 conditions?
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Underlying inflammation and ulceration
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What are the common ultrasound features of uremic gastritis?
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Thickened gastric wall prominent rugal folds mineralization of the mucosa
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Linear hyperechoic lines within the intestinal mucosa and aligned perpendicular to the lumen axis most likely represents what condition?
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Dilated lacteals commonly associated with PTL or lymphangiectasia occasionally associated with infiltrative tumors
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What is the sonographic appearance of the intestinal wall with perforation question mark
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effective wall is thickened and hypoechoic with local loss of layering
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What of the common findings of GI lymphoma?
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Transmural thickening with diffuse loss of all layering reduce wall echogenicity decreased motility regional lymphadenopathy
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What is a most common ultrasonographic finding and gastric carcinoma question mark
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wall transmural thickening that is associated with altered wall layering. Layering appears as a moderately echogenic zone surrounded by outer and inner poorly echogenic lines
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What is meant by the term pseudo-layering question mark
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pseudo-layering most likely correlates with the unevenly layered tumor distribution noted histopathologically and is sonographic finding is suggestive of gastric carcinoma
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What is the difference in lesion length of between intestinal carcinoma and intestinal lymphoma?
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Gastric carcinomas have a shorter lesion length
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What type of GI lesion is suspected with a large (over 3 cm) intermural lesion growing out of the serosa?
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Leiomyosarcoma
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