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94 Cards in this Set
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DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR DETECTING SHOULDER OSTEOCHONDROSIS/OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS IN DOGS
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• radiography (88.5%, 90%, 88.9%), ultrasonography (92%, 60%, 82.6%), and MRI (96%, 88.9%, 94.4%). • Odds of a correct diagnosis for MRI were 3.2 times more than ultrasonography and two times more than radiography. • For MRI detection of lesions, the sagittal T2 or PD-FAT SAT sequences were considered to be most helpful. |
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INITIAL INFLUENCE OF RIGHT VERSUS LEFT LATERAL RECUMBENCY ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC FINDING OF DUODENAL GAS ON SUBSEQUENT SURVEY VENTRODORSAL PROJECTIONS OF THE CANINE ABDOMEN |
• results showed that dogs first placed in left lateral recumbency were significantly more likely to have duodenal gas on the subsequent ventrodorsal and right lateral radiographic projections compared to dogs first placed in right lateral recumbency • Pseudoulcers were seen in 11 dogs that had duodenal gas making the visualization of pseudoulcers on survey abdominal radiographs somewhat commonplace |
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PREVALENCE OF EAR DISEASE IN DOGS UNDERGOING MULTIDETECTOR THIN-SLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE HEAD |
• A total of 199 dogs met inclusion criteria • Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were referred for evaluation of suspected ear disease and 27 dogs (13.5%) had histories or physical examination findings consistent with otitis externa. • A total of 163 dogs (81.9%) had CT lesions consistent with external ear disease (i.e. ear canal mineralization, external canal thickening, and/or narrowing of the external canal). • Thirty-nine dogs (19.5%) had CT lesions consistent with middle ear disease |
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PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES AND DRUMSTICK-LIKE HYPEROSTOTIC TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES IN THE MIDDLE EAR CAVITY OF DOGS |
• Findings from the current study indicated that the presence of small tympanic bone spicules in adult dogs is most likely due to physiological bone growth in the septum bullae and that HTBS represent osseous proliferations of small tympanic bone spicules. |
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THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY FINDINGS IN 2096 CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM |
• The results of this study support conclusions that most hyperthyroid cats have unilateral or bilateral thyroid nodules, but that multifocal disease will develop in a few cats that have ectopic thyroid disease or thyroid carcinoma. • Both ectopic thyroid disease and thyroid carcinoma are relatively uncommon in hyperthyroid cats, with a respective prevalence of ~4% and ~2% in this study. |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 15 DOGS WITH EOSINOPHILIC BRONCHOPNEUMOPATHY |
• Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy is a disease characterized by the infiltration of the lung and bronchial mucosa by eosinophils. EBP occurs most often in young adult dogs and more commonly in females than males. • A breed predisposition for Siberian Huskies and Alaskan Malamutes • Abnormalities were identified in 14/15 (93%) dogs, including pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities in 14/15 (93%) dogs, bronchial wall thickening in 13 (87%) dogs, which was considered marked in eight (53%), plugging of the bronchial lumen by mucus/debris in 11 (73%) dogs, and bronchiectasis in nine (60%) dogs. |
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DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF BONE SCINTIGRAPHY FOR EQUINE STIFLE DISORDERS |
• Findings from this study indicated that bone-phase nuclear scintigraphy is reasonably specific but highly insensitive for detecting lameness originating from the stifle in a diverse population of both normal and affected horses. • The addition of a caudal scintigraphic image acquisition did not improve diagnostic sensitivity |
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EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT ANESTHETIC PROTOCOLS ON 64-MDCT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY IN DOGS |
• Blur was the most commonly observed artifact and mainly affected the distal segments. • No significant differences were identified between the two protocols for optimal reconstruction interval, diagnostic quality and measured length individual segments, or proximal diameter of the coronary arteries (P = 1). • Anesthetic protocol A consisted of premedication with IV fentanyl (5 μg/kg; fentanyl citrate, West-Ward, Eatontown, NJ) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg; midazolam, Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL) bolus followed by continuous rate infusion (0.2 mg/kg/h midazolam and fentanyl 10 μg/kg/h. • Anesthetic protocol B consisted of IV premedication with dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg; dexdomitor, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and followed by continuous rate infusion (dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg/h). |
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CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THREE DOGS WITH PANCREATIC INSULINOMA |
• Immediately following conventional ultrasonography of the entire abdomen, CEUS of the pancreatic nodule and adjacent parenchyma was performed using contrast-specific technology pulse inversion imaging and perflubutane microbubble contrast agent. • Pancreatic nodules in all the three dogs became more clearly demarcated after injection of the contrast agent. • Each nodule showed different enhancement patterns: markedly hyperechoic for 5 s, slightly hyperechoic for 1 s, and clearly hypoechoic for over 30 s. |
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PREVALENCE OF INCIDENTAL THYROID NODULES IN ULTRASOUND STUDIES OF DOGS WITH HYPERCALCEMIA (2008–2013) |
• The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of incidental thyroid nodules in hypercalcemic dogs undergoing cervical ultrasound at our hospital during the period of 2008–2013. • Findings indicated that incidental thyroid nodules may be present in hypercalcemic dogs with no palpable neck mass and no clinical signs of thyroid disease. • 14/91 (15%) dogs. |
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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 38 HORSES WITH SEPTIC ARTHRITIS/TENOSYNOVITIS |
• The purpose of this cross- sectional retrospective study was to describe ultrasound characteristics of septic arthritis/tenosynovitis in a group of horses. • Relationships between the degree of synovial effusion, degree of the synovial thickening, presence of fibrinous loculations, and the time between admission and beginning of clinical signs were identified, as well as between the presence of fibrinous loculations and the cause of sepsis |
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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF UTERUS MASCULINUS IN SIX DOGS |
• Uterus masculinus (persistent Mullerian duct) is a vestigial embryological remnant of the paramesonephric duct system in males and has been associated with clinical signs such as dysuria, incontinence, tenesmus and urethral obstruction in dogs • A uterus masculinus was defined as cylindrical when no lumen was observed and tubular when it had lumen that was filled with anechoic fluid. • The walls of the uterus masculinus were isoechoic to the urinary bladder wall. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-PARAGANGLIOMA OF THE CAUDA EQUINA: MR FINDINGS |
• Imaging revealed a well-defined, strongly contrast-enhancing mass invading the adjacent vertebral body and infiltrating the intervertebral foramen bilaterally. • Flow void, compatible with increased drainage veins around the mass, and macroscopically visible neovessels in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, as reported in numerous human studies, were not visible in this single case. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-AN ATYPICAL PRESENTATION OF DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS (DISH) IN A DOG |
• Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis often remains clinically silent but can lead to spinal pain, stiffness, and in advanced stages spinal cord or nerve root compression and neurologic deficits • osseous lesions present in this patient predominantly affected dorsal vertebral structures, with relatively mild ventral lesions in the lumbar spine |
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IN VIVO STUDY OF CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER IN THE DOG USING DIFFUSION TENSOR TRACTOGRAPHY |
• dynamic images based on the diffusion tensor (DT) technique are required to assess fiber tract integrity of the CWM. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) produces a three-dimensional representation in which data are displayed on a colored map obtained from the anisotropy of water molecules in the CWM tracts. • Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a value that measures changes in water diffusion |
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EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT ANESTHETIC PROTOCOLS ON CARDIAC FLOW MEASURED BY TWO DIMENSIONAL PHASE CONTRAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING |
• Findings from the current study indicated that these two anesthetic protocols yield similar functional measures of cardiac blood flow using 2D PC MRI in healthy dogs. Future studies in clinically affected patients are needed. • Protocol A: Midazolam, fentanyl; Protocol B: Dexmedetomidine |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-SPINAL CORD HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA IN A DOG |
• multifocal intradural spinal cord mass lesions. The lesions were hyperintense in T2-weighted sequences, isointense to mildly hyperintense in T1-weighted sequences with strong contrast enhancement of the intradural lesions and spinal cord meninges |
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FEASIBILITY OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED EPIDURAL ACCESS AT THE LUMBO-SACRAL SPACE IN DOGS |
• The aims of this study were to describe the lumbosacral ultrasonographic anatomy and to assess the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided epidural injection technique in dogs. A cross sectional anatomic atlas of the lumbosacral region and ex vivo ultrasound images were obtained in two cadavers to describe the ultrasound anatomy and to identify the landmarks. • Contrast medium was injected and CT was used to assess the success of the injection. • The target for directing the needle was the trapezoid- shaped echogenic zone between the contiguous articular facets of the lumbosacral vertebral canal visualized in a parasagittal plane. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND PSEUDODIVERTICULA IN A HORSE |
• Transcutaneous and transrectal abdominal ultrasonography revealed distended, thickened small intestine with primary thickening of the muscularis and a focally more thickened loop with an echoic structure crossing the wall from the mucosa to the serosa. • Visualization of diffuse thickening of the muscularis (muscular hypertrophy of the small intestine) and a focal lesion (pseudodiverticulum) |
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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF EQUINE HEAD DISORDERS: 84 CASES (2000–2013) |
• Magnetic resonance imaging showed the exact localization of the lesions, their size, and relation to surrounding structures. • However, in the neurological group, there were 45 horses with no MRI abnormalities, 29 of which had a history of recurrent seizures, related to cryptogenic epilepsy. |
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THORACOLUMBAR INTRADURAL DISC HERNIATION IN EIGHT DOGS: CLINICAL, LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC MYELOGRAPHY FINDINGS |
• confirmed thoracolumbar intradural disc herniation • there were no specific findings indicating that the nucleus pulposus had penetrated into the subarachnoid space or into the spinal cord parenchyma. • By using computed tomographic myelography (CTM) for the remaining three dogs, an intradural extramedullary mass surrounded by an accumulation of contrast medium was observed and confirmed during surgery |
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COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN 17 DOGS WITH PRIMARY ADRENAL NEOPLASIA |
• Diagnoses were adenocarcinoma in nine (53%) dogs, pheochromocytoma in five (29%) dogs, and adenoma in three (18%) dogs. • Pheochromocytoma was associated with CT signs of vascular and macroscopic vascular invasion • a heterogeneous pattern of contrast distribution in delayed postcontrast CT images was associated with adrenal hemorrhage or infarction on histological examination |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE ELBOW |
• Computed tomographic arthrography measurements from elbows with 75 mg I/ml were significantly larger and had greater bias compared to other contrast medium groups • Histomorphologic thickness of the articular cartilage overlying the cranial aspect of the ulna (mean 0.32 mm) was significantly thinner than cartilage of the radius (0.36 mm) or humerus (0.36 mm). |
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ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL RECUMBENCY USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY |
• Displacement was measured in dorsal-to-ventral (DV), right-to-left (RL), and cranial-to-caudal (CC) directions • Respiratory-induced displacement of canine abdominal organs was not predictable and showed large variability in the three directions evaluated. • For most canine abdominal organs, dorsal recumbency provided overall the least amount of displacement among all directions evaluated except for liver and urinary bladder. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-HYPOGLYCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA AND PERITONEAL CARCINOMATOSIS IN A HORSE |
• Abdominal ultrasound revealed a large volume of anechoic fluid along with multiple masses involving the spleen, liver, and diaphragm. • Thoracic radiographs also identified pulmonary interstitial nodules, an undulant dorsal diaphragmatic margin and enlargement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes. • Clinical signs of weakness and mild seizures were concurrent with hypoglycemic episodes. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-AN ATYPICAL PRESENTATION OF DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS (DISH) IN A DOG |
• In general, ossification adjacent to dorsal vertebral structures (vertebral arches, articular, and spinous processes) was more severe than ventral ossification, with the exception of the lumbosacral spine. • it develops not only at entheses but also along the surfaces of ligaments, short fibers and in neighboring connective tissue, suggesting a possible biomechanical component to its poorly understood etiopathogenesis. |
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CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN FERRETS |
• Five different formulas of the vertebral column were recorded with normal morphology of vertebrae • Observed vertebral formulas were C7/Th14/L6/S3 (51.74%), C7/Th14/L6/S4 (22.10%), C7/Th14/L7/S3 (6.98%), C7/Th15/L6/S3 (1.74%), and C7/Th15/L6/S4 (0.58%). • Formula C7/Th14/L6/S4 was significantly more common in males than in females (P < 0.05). • Congenital spinal abnormalities were found in 29 ferrets (16.86%), mostly localized in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. |
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DISPERSAL PATTERN OF INJECTATE FOLLOWING CT-GUIDED PERINEURAL INFILTRATION IN THE CANINE THORACOLUMBAR SPINE: A CADAVER STUDY |
• Optimal results were achieved when the needle tip was positioned periforaminally ventral to the cranial contour of the cranial articular process. • Findings from this ex vivo study indicated that CT-guided spinal perineural infiltration is feasible for testing in the canine thoracolumbar region and that successful nerve tissue infiltration would likely occur in the majority of sites. |
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COMPARISON OF TWO FAT-SUPPRESSED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PULSE SEQUENCES TO STANDARD T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES FOR BRAIN PARENCHYMAL CONTRAST AND LESION DETECTION IN DOGS WITH INFLAMMATORY INTRACRANIAL DISEASE |
• Short tau inversion recovery sequences had the highest RC between gray and white matter. • While descriptively more lesions were identified by evaluators on T2-FLAIR-FS images, there was no statistical difference in the relative sensitivity of lesion detection between the sequences. |
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MRI CHARACTERISTICS OF FOURTH VENTRICLE ARACHNOID DIVERTICULA IN FIVE DOGS |
• MRI findings were consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus, based on dilation of all ventricles and compression of the cerebellum and brainstem. • All five dogs also had cervical syringohydromyelia, with T2-weighted hyperintensity of the gray matter of the cord adjacent to the syringohydromyelia. • A signal void, interpreted as flow disturbance, was observed at the mesencephalic aqueduct in all dogs. • A cystic lesion emerging from the fourth ventricle was detected in all four dogs during surgery and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of arachnoid diverticula |
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DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF TESTS BASED ON RADIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS OF DOGS AND CATS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW |
• A systematic review of diagnostic tests based on radiologic measurements of structures in dogs and cats was done in order to reach generalizable conclusions about the value of making such measurements. • Evidence is weak that radiologic measurements of structures in dogs and cats are useful for diagnosis, hence measurements should not be emphasized as a basis for diagnosis in either teaching or clinical imaging reports. |
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MEASUREMENTS OF THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE ON THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS IN HEALTHY DOGS COMPARED TO DOGS WITH MITRAL REGURGITATION |
• This study reassessed the previously reported radiographic method of comparing pulmonary vessels versus rib diameter for differentiating healthy dogs and dogs with mitral regurgitation. • The width of the right cranial pulmonary artery and vein at the fourth rib level, right caudal pulmonary artery and vein at the ninth rib level, and the diameters of the fourth rib and ninth rib were measured in prospectively recruited healthy dogs (n = 40) and retrospectively recruited dogs with mitral regurgitation • We recommend using the accompanying pulmonary artery and 1.22 × the diameter of the ninth rib as a radiographic criterion for assessing the size of the right caudal pulmonary vein and differentiating healthy dogs from those with mitral regurgitation |
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A VALENTINE-SHAPED CARDIAC SILHOUETTE IN FELINE THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS IS PRIMARILY DUE TO LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT |
• Conflicting information has been published regarding the cause of a valentine-shaped cardiac silhouette in dorsoventral or ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs in cats. • There was no effect of echocardiographic right atrial size on the severity of valentine shape, except when concurrent with severe left atrial enlargement. In this situation, right atrial enlargement increased the likelihood of observing a severe valentine shape. |
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TRIPLE PHASE DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PERFUSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIROCERCOSIS INDUCED ESOPHAGEAL NODULES IN NON-NEOPLASTIC VERSUS NEOPLASTIC CANINE CASES |
• Neoplastic transformation of Spirocerca lupi induced esophageal nodules carries a poor prognosis. • Non-neoplastic nodules were smooth and nonmineralized with a higher proportion of hypoattenuating necropurulent cavities compared to neoplastic nodules that had a more irregular surface, with 93% having mineralized foci and rarely any hypoattenuating pockets |
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ACCURACY OF A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BRONCHIAL WALL THICKNESS TO PULMONARY ARTERY DIAMETER RATIO FOR ASSESSING BRONCHIAL WALL THICKENING IN DOGS |
• Dogs with chronic bronchitis were found to have a significantly greater ratio than unaffected dogs • The ratios in the cranial lung lobes were found to be significantly greater than the caudal lung lobes in both chronic bronchitis and unaffected dogs |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 57 CATS WITH PRIMARY PULMONARY NEOPLASIA |
• the most frequent presenting signs were anorexia/inappetence (39%) and coug • primary pulmonary tumors appeared as a pulmonary mass in 55 (96%) cat • CT features associated with pulmonary tumors included mass in contact with visceral pleura (96%), irregular margins (83%), well-defined borders (79%), bronchial compression (74%), gas-containing cavities (63%), foci of mineral attenuation (56%), and bronchial invasion (19%) • No associations were identified between tumor type and CT features. |
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FEASIBILITY FOR DETECTING LIVER METASTASES IN DOGS USING GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING |
• Delayed imaging was performed less than 30 min after injection and up to 60 min in two cases. • Histological analysis of liver lesions identified in delayed phases was performed for each case and confirmed metastatic origin. In all cases, lesion number detected in hepatobiliary contrast-enhanced sequences was statistically higher than in other sequences. |
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FEASIBILITY OF PERCUTANEOUS CONTRAST ULTRASOUND-GUIDED CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY IN DOGS |
• Differentiating hepatocellular disease versus biliary obstruction can be challenging in dogs presented for icterus. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the feasibility of percutaneous contrast ultrasound- guided cholecystography in dogs • Percutaneous contrast ultrasound-guided cholecystography was performed using 0.5 ml of commercially available contrast agent and two conventional ultrasound machines for simultaneous scanning at two different locations. Two observers independently evaluated the time to initial detection of contrast in the proximal duodenum and duration of contrast enhancement via visual monitoring |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PNEUMOCOLONOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS |
• Measurements of bowel wall thickness (cm), cross-sectional bowel lumen diameter (cm), and cross-sectional bowel luminal area (cm2) were obtained at standardized locations within the large bowel • The optimal insufflation pressure for maintaining pneumocolon in this study was determined to be 20 mmHg. |
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DEVELOPING AN ACCURATE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THYROID VOLUME IN CALVES USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY |
• Diseases of the thyroid gland with struma formation can occur in calves suffering from iodine deficiency • Body mass and thyroid volume correlated significantly. With the formula presented, thyroid volume of calves can be estimated by ultrasonographic measurement of three axes and compared to predicted values based on body mass |
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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ADRENAL GLAND SIZE COMPARED TO BODY WEIGHT IN NORMAL DOGS |
• The accepted cut-off value for adrenal gland maximum diameter of 0.74 cm to distinguish adrenal gland enlargement in dogs regardless of body weight may not be appropriate for small to medium breed dog • Findings support our hypothesis that adrenal gland size correlates with body weight in normal dogs, and more precise reference intervals should be created for adrenal gland size by categorizing dogs as small, medium, or large breed • (1) & 0.54 cm for dogs < 10 kg, (2) & 0.68 cm for dogs 10–30 kg, and (3) & 0.80 cm for dogs > 30 kg. |
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MUSCULOSKELETAL LESIONS AND LAMENESS IN 121 HORSES WITH CARPAL SHEATH EFFUSION (1999–2010) |
• Equine carpal sheath effusion has multiple etiologies. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the prevalence of distinct musculoskeletal lesions lameness in a sample of horses with a clinical diagnosis of carpal sheath effusion • Increased echogenicity in the medial superficial digital flexor musculotendinous junction was detected in 40 horses and was significantly associated with increasing age (middle-aged, 19/40; old, 18/40). Findings from this study indicated that age should be taken into consideration for horses presented with carpal sheath effusion and that adjacent structures within the caudodistal antebrachium should be included in evaluations |
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SCINTIGRAPHIC TRACKING OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AFTER PORTAL, SYSTEMIC INTRAVENOUS AND SPLENIC ADMINISTRATION IN HEALTHY BEAGLE DOGS |
• The objective of this study was to compare portal, systemic intravenous and splenic injections for administration of mesenchymal stem cells to target the liver in healthy beagle dogs. • Portal injection resulted in diffuse homogeneous high uptake through the liver, whereas the systemic intravenous injection led to mesenchymal stem cell trapping in the lungs. After splenic injection, mild splenic retention and high homogeneous diffuse hepatic uptake were observed. |
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COMBINATION OF RADIATION THERAPY AND FIROCOXIB FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL CARCINOMA |
• Carcinomas represent two-thirds of canine nasosinal neoplasms. • Although not providing a significant enhancement of progression-free interval and overall survival, firocoxib in combination with RT is safe and improved life quality in dogs with nasal carcinomas. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-DISSEMINATED PERITONEAL LEIOMYOMATOSIS IN A DOG |
• Multiple variably sized cystic masses were identified on sonographic and radiographic images • Histology and immunohistochemistry of multiple surgically excised masses was consistent with benign tumors of smooth muscle origin (leiomyomas) |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC, SURGICAL, AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INFILTRATIVE ANGIOLIPOMA IN A DOG |
• subcutaneous mass over the right prescapular region. • CT scan of the mass was suggestive of neoplasia; however, the tissue of origin could not be determined. • Histopathologic evaluation diagnosed infiltrative angiolipoma, and marginal resection of the tumor was performed. • Infiltrative angiolipomas are benign but locally aggressive neoplasms uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-DUODENOBILIARY REFLUX OF BARIUM SULFATE DURING ESOPHAGOGASTROGRAPHY IN A DOG |
• Duodenobiliary reflux of barium sulfate suspension was detected during fluoroscopic esophagogastrography. • Follow-up radiography 2 hours later demonstrated persistence of the barium in the gallbladder and biliary tree. • Ultrasonography showed an open sphincter of Oddi but no other morphological abnormalities with the gallbladder or biliary system. |
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ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 87 CATS WITH URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION |
• Common ultrasound findings for the bladder included echogenic urine sediment, bladder wall thickening, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, and increased urinary echoes; and for the kidneys/ureters included pyelectasia, renomegaly, perirenal effusion, hyperechoic perirenal fat, and ureteral dilation. • No findings were associated with an increased risk of reobstruction |
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MULTIDETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PATTERNS OF BRONCHOESPHAGEAL ARTERY HYPERTROPHY AND SYSTEMIC-TO-PULMONARY FISTULA IN DOGS |
• The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe clinical, echocardiographic, and multidetector computed tomography features of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy and systemic-to-pulmonary arterial communications in a sample of 14 dogs. Two main vascular patterns were identified in dogs that resembled congenital and acquired conditions reported in humans. • Pattern 1 appeared as an aberrant origin of the right bronchoesophageal artery, normal origin of the left one, and enlargement of both the bronchial and esophageal branches that formed a dense network terminating in a pulmonary artery through an orifice. • Pattern 2 appeared as a normal origin of both right and left bronchoesophageal arteries, with an enlarged and tortuous course along the bronchi to the periphery of the lung, where they communicated with subsegmental pulmonary arteries. |
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MULTIDETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESUMED PREURETERAL VENA CAVA IN CATS |
• Preureteral vena cava (circumcaval ureter, retrocaval ureter) occurs in a third of the feline population and has been associated with ureteral strictures in humans. • Having a preureteral vena cava resulted in an increased risk for concurrent urinary signs • Preureteral vena cava, also known as “circumcaval or retrocaval ureter” is a vascular anomaly that occurs as a result of the right supracardinal system failing to develop normally |
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EFFECTS OF TWO CONTRAST INJECTION PROTOCOLS ON FELINE AORTIC AND HEPATIC ENHANCEMENT USING DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY |
• This prospective study compared aortic and hepatic enhancement achieved using a contrast injection protocol with a fixed rate of 5 ml/s vs. that achieved using a protocol with fixed injection duration of 20 s in eight cats. • Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the aorta and liver for transverse scans acquired at the hepatic hilus. • Time to peak aortic enhancement occurred significantly earlier in Group 1 (M = 11s, SD = 1.63) than in Group 2 • There were no significant differences in time to peak liver enhancement, peak liver enhancement, or duration of hepatic arterial phase between groups. |
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CT AND MRI FEATURES OF CAROTID BODY PARAGANGLIOMAS IN 16 DOGS |
• Carotid body tumors (paragangliomas) arise from chemoreceptors located at the carotid bifurcation • They arise from paraganglionic cells that embryologically originated from the neural crest and migrated along the branchial arches, in close association with autonomic ganglion cells. • They are present at several sites including the carotid bod-ies, aortic bodies, nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve, ciliary ganglion in the orbit, pancreas, bodies on the internal jugular vein below the middle ear and glomus jugulare along the recurrent branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve • There was some form of invasion into the adjacent structures in 9/16 dogs. |
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INTRAARTERIAL INJECTION OF IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM FOR CONTRAST ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE HEAD |
• The objective of the current study was to determine whether low-volume intraarterial administration of contrast medium would result in an equivalent image quality and tissue attenuation vs. high-volume intravenous bolus administration. • Intraarterial and intravenous administration of contrast medium resulted in significantly greater soft tissue enhancement of some brain ROI’s and the pituitary gland vs. baseline values. Pituitary gland measurements made on postcontrast CT images did not differ from those obtained during postmortem examination. Findings indicated that low-dose intraarterial administration of contrast material in the equine head resulted in comparable soft tissue enhancement vs. high volume intravenous administration |
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ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND SKULL FORAMINA IN THE HORSE USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY |
• Transverse thin-slice CT images were acquired and multiplanar reformatting was used to create comparative images. Magnetic resonance imaging consistently allowed visualization of cranial nerves II, V, VII, VIII, and XII in all horses. |
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SUSCEPTIBILITY ARTIFACTS ON T2∗-WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE AND FELINE SPINE |
• Inclusion of a T2∗-weighted gradient recalled echo sequence may be helpful in spinal magnetic resonance imaging when standard imaging sequences are ambiguous or intramedullary lesions are observed • The T2∗-weighted gradient recalled echo sequence is a sensitive means to detect blood degradation products. |
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ULTRASONOGRAPAHIC ELASTOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, KIDNEYS, AND PROSTATE IN CLINICALLY NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS |
• This study evaluated the feasibility, repeatability, and reproducibility of strain elastography of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and prostate in healthy dogs and described the elasticity of each organ using strain values and strain ratios. • The reproducibility of strain elastography was excellent, and intraobserver repeatability was moderate to excellent. • The strain ratios for the liver, spleen, renal cortex, and prostate were similar with no significant difference |
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SALINE ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT FOR LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE PODOTROCHLEAR BURSA: FEASIBILITY STUDY |
• Abnormalities of the deep digital flexor tendon, navicular bone, and collateral sesamoidean ligament can be difficult to visualize using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if bursal fluid is absent. • Deep digital flexor tendinopathy, erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone (with or without fibrosis or adhesions between the structures of the podotrochlear apparatus), respond poorly to conservative therapy and carry a poor prognosis for soundness. |
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GROSS AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION OF LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN THE STIFLE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HORSES |
• With the recent introduction of a 0.25T rotating MRI system, clinical evaluation of the equine stifle joint is now possible in the average equine athlete. • Findings from the current study supported the use of low-field MRI for detection of stifle joint lesions in horses and demonstrated that some stifle joint pathologies may be subclinical in horses. |
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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS COMPARED TO OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL SPINDLE CELL TUMORS |
• Canine gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are a recent subtype of gastrointestinal spindle cell tumor recognized with the increasing use of immunohistochemistry. • Gastrointestinal stromal tumors were significantly more likely to be associated (P < 0.03) with abdominal effusion than other tumor types. • There was overlap between the anatomical locations of all tumors types with the exception of the cecum where all eight tumors identified were GISTs. |
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DEVELOPING A TECHNIQUE FOR ULTRASOUND-GUIDED INJECTION OF THE ADULT CANINE HIP |
• With dogs in lateral recumbency, the hyperechoic femoral head surface was identified by following the femoral neck from the greater trochanter or the acetabular rim was localized by following caudally the ilium from the iliac wing. An anechoic gap between the femoral head and acetabular surface represented the joint. The capsule was visible as a triangular echoic structure and the femoral head articular cartilage appeared as an anechoic band. • Based on postinjection radiography, accuracy was 81.8% at first attempt and 100% at second attempt. |
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VALIDATION OF AN INDEXED RADIOTHERAPY HEAD POSITIONING DEVICE FOR USE IN DOGS AND CATS |
• Couch position values were defined at the first treatment based on setup films. At subsequent treatments, patients were moved to the previously defined couch location, orthogonal films were acquired, table position was modified, and displacement was recorded. • Based on the calculated 3D vector displacement, the PTV margin can be reduced to <4 mm with this immobilization system to guarantee coverage of 95% of the tumor volume |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-ACUTE MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A CAT |
• A middle-aged cat was presented with vomiting, diarrhea, and pelvic limb paresis. Radiography showed cardiomegaly, interstitial pulmonary infiltration, distended intestinal loops, and portal venous gas. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was confirmed. • On CT, thrombi were identified at the abdominal aorta, superior mesenteric artery, bilateral renal arteries, and cauda vena cava at the level of the iliac vein bifurcation. Dilated and gas-filled loops of bowel with a “paper thin wall” were observed on CT images and were considered indicative of necrotic bowel. This case report describes the CT findings of acute mesenteric ischemia associated with HCM in a cat |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-URINARY BLADDER DUPLICATION IN A CAT |
• Abdominal ultrasound identified bilateral pelvic/ureteral dilation and three closely apposed thin-walled fluid-filled structures in the caudal abdomen, extending toward the pelvic inlet. • Excretory urography and negative contrast cystography identified contrast medium accumulation from the dilated ureters into two tubular soft tissue masses of the caudal abdomen, with subsequent gradual filling of a more cranially located urinary bladder. |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-USE OF RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A MINERALIZED YOLK SAC IN A BROWN KIWI (APTERYX MANTELLI) |
• Curvilinear mineral opacities were superimposed over the ventral aspect of the mass. Computed tomography demonstrated the presence of mineral within the periphery of a fat attenuating mass consistent with a retained yolk sac. • Histopathology of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of a retained yolk sac with multifocal mineralization. |
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USE OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO STUDY THE CRANIAL MIGRATION OF A LUMBOSACRAL INJECTATE IN CADAVER DOGS |
• The goals of this cross-sectional observational study were to characterize the three-dimensional spread of a lumbosacral epidural injection, as well as confirm that the commonly used volume of 0.2 ml/kg injected into the lumbosacral epidural space reaches the thoracolumbar (TL) junction in the majority (&80%) of dogs. • There was no significant difference in the weight of dogs where the epidural injectate reached the TL junction and those where it did not (P = 0.16), or in the weight of dogs where the cranial-most point of the contrast column was in the dorsal versus the ventral epidural space |
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INTER- AND INTRAFRACTION MOTION FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY IN DOGS AND CATS USING A MODIFIED BRAINLAB FRAMELESS STEREOTACTIC MASK SYSTEM |
• This study demonstrates the modified Brainlab system is feasible for SRS in dogs and cats. The smaller cranial size and difference in anatomy increases setup uncertainty in some animals beyond limits usually accepted in SRS. Image-guided positioning is recommended to achieve clinically acceptable setup accuracy (<1 mm) for SRS |
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COMPARISON OF TWO COARSE FRACTIONATED RADIATION PROTOCOLS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CANINE PITUITARY MACROTUMOR: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF 24 DOGS |
• ing 12 with five “once-a-week” protocols (1 × 5 Gy, followed by 4 × 8.25 Gy) to a total dose of 38 Gy. • The overall median survival time for all dogs was 235 days (range 28–1,328), dogs treated with 10 fractions had a median survival time of 961 days (range 28–1,328) compared to 182 days (range 42–507) in the five-fraction group (P = 0.006). Clinical improvement was found in both groups, and no significant side effects were noted in either group. |
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STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY USING DOBUTAMINE-INDUCED CAROTID ARTERY PULSATION IN CANINE THYROID GLAND |
• Strain elastography can provide additional information about tissue stiffness noninvasively after applying external or internal compression. However, natural carotid artery pulsations in the canine thyroid gland are too weak to maintain sufficient internal compression force. • The thyroid appeared homogeneously green and the subcutaneous fat superficial to the thyroid lobe appeared blue. • Strain elastography was feasible for estimating thyroid stiffness in dogs. Carotid artery pulsation induced by dobutamine infusion can be used for canine thyroid strain elastography with excellent repeatability. |
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VARIABILITY IN THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY DOGS COMPARED TO DOGS WITH HYPERADRENOCORTICISM |
• The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of a hyperechoic and/or heterogenous pancreas in healthy dogs and correlate these findings to weight, age, and body condition score (BCS). An additional objective was to describe the prevalence of a hyperechoic and/or heterogenous pancreas in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and compare this to the healthy dogs. • A statistically significant increase in the proportion of dogs having a hyperechoic pancreas was found in the hyperadrenocorticism sample of dogs • No correlation existed between pancreatic echogenicity and weight, age, or BCS |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVERNOUS TRANSFORMATION OF THE OBSTRUCTED PORTAL VEIN IN SMALL ANIMALS |
• The process of development of collateral vessels with hepatopetal flow around the portal vein in order to bypass an obstruction is called “cavernous transformation of the portal vein. • Two main portoportal collateral pathways were identified: short tortuous portoportal veins around/inside the thrombus and long portoportal collaterals bypassing the site of portal obstruction. Three subtypes of the long collaterals, often coexisting, were identified. • Cavernous transformation of the portal vein could occur as a single condition or could be concurrent with acquired portosystemic shunts |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM SECONDARY TO PRIMARY PULMONARY PATHOLOGY IN A DALMATIAN DOG |
• demonstrated that pneumomediastinum can result when air from rupture alveoli migrates to the mediastinum • If air from ruptured alveoli enters the perivascular or peribronchial adventitia, the pressure differences between the mediastinum and the peripheral lung parenchyma forces the air to dissect along the peribronchial connective tissues and eventually to the mediastinum MackLin Effect • In this case, CT was helpful to identify the air surrounding the lobar artery, producing a “ring- around-the artery” sign indicative of pulmonary interstitial emphysema |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-THROMBOSED ORBITAL VARIX IN A DOG |
• An orbital varix is a venous malformation characterized by abnormal dilation of one or more of the orbital veins • the thrombus was composed of multiple concentric, hyperintense, and hypointense bands due to layered blood breakdown products and fibrin consistent with a laminated thrombus. |
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ANGIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE MAJOR ABDOMINAL ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY IN THE DOG |
• First-order branches are those arteries that are directly branching off the aorta, and the first-order branches that were mapped in this study include the celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, ovarian, caudal mesenteric, deep circumflex iliac, external iliac, and internal iliac arteries. • Roadmapping is a procedure that involves the acquisition of a subtracted image during contrast injection that can then be combined with a real-time image to allow for the passage of guide wires and catheters with a visible guide of where to perform vascular selection. • The internal iliac arteries are selected when performing intraarterial chemotherapy treatments of lower urinary tract neoplasia |
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ABNORMAL IMAGING FINDINGS OF THE FEMORAL THIRD TROCHANTER IN 20 HORSES |
• The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe ultrasonographic and scintigraphic findings in a group of horses with presumed third trochanter injury. • Scintigraphic findings helped to direct focused ultrasound exams in the majority of fracture cases. Horses with evidence of third trochanter fracture had similar clinical characteristics to that reported for pelvic fractures and authors therefore recommend ultrasonographic examination of both regions, especially when scintigraphy is unavailable |
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GENDER, WEIGHT, AND AGE EFFECTS ON PREVALENCE OF CAUDAL ABERRANT NASAL TURBINATES IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY ENGLISH BULLDOGS: A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY AND CLASSIFICATION |
• cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence and severity of caudal aberrant turbinate protrusion via CT studies of English Bulldogs with, according to the owners, none or minimal clinical signs of brachycephalic airway syndrome. • An additional objective was to propose a classification scheme for describing the degree of caudal aberrant turbinate protrusion in English Bulldogs and to apply this scheme in assessing the effect of gender, weight, and age on prevalence and severity of turbinate protrusion. 1) no significant associations were present between the severity of the protrusion of the caudal aberrant turbinates with gender, age, and body weight in clinically healthy English Bulldogs and (2) that minimal to moderate, Grade 1–3, caudal aberrant turbinate protrusion is common in English Bulldogs even with minimal or absent signs of upper respiratory disease. |
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EFFECTS OF FLUID AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL FACTORS ON CONSPICUITY OF CANINE AND FELINE NASAL TURBINATES |
• The purpose of this experimental, crossover study was to determine whether fluid reduces conspicuity of canine and feline nasal turbinates in CT and if so, whether CT settings can maximize conspicuity. • the mucosa frequently shows contrast enhancement as a thin linear rim. This can be very helpful to identify the turbinate structures and differentiate mass lesions from secretions • In conclusion, neighboring fluid and/or mucosal edema significantly reduces canine and feline nasal turbinate conspicuity in CT. |
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THE EFFECT OF ANGLE SLICE ACQUISITION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN MORPHOMETRY IN GREAT DANES |
• vertebral foraminal measurements acquired at the two different angles varied significantly only at the cranial aspect of the cervical vertebrae. • Our results also showed that the width of the vertebral foramina in Great Danes with cervical spondylomyelopathy was significantly narrower than that of the control dogs, regardless of the angle of image acquisition. |
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EARLY POSTOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN FIVE DOGS WITH CONFIRMED AND SUSPECTED BRAIN TUMORS |
• The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe characteristics observed using early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in a group of dogs undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor removal • it is our opinion that residual tumor tissue is difficult to detect due to the T2W and FLAIR hyperintensity resulting from surgical manipulation • to detect residual tumor tissue in enhancing tumors and the occurrence of hemorrhages and ischemic infarction. Optimal timing has not been determined in veterinary patients |
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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES AND OUTCOME FOR SOLITARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COCCIDIOIDES GRANULOMAS IN 11 DOGS AND CATS |
• The purpose of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and outcome for a group of dogs and cats with solitary CNS Coccidiodes granulomas. • The extra-axial granulomas often had a lack of a distinct border between the mass and neural parenchyma • The surgical cases had good outcomes and histology allowed definitive diagnosis. Medically managed patients also had generally good outcomes, with resolution of clinical signs in most cases. • The most substantial MRI feature in differentiating between extra-axial granuloma and meningioma was the lack of a distinct border between the lesion and adjacent brain or spinal cord on postcontrast T1-weighted images |
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STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY USING DOBUTAMINE-INDUCED CAROTID ARTERY PULSATION IN CANINE THYROID GLAND |
• Strain elastography can provide additional information about tissue stiffness noninvasively after applying external or internal compression • The objective of the present study was to describe the feasibility of strain elastography for evaluating the canine thyroid gland and the repeatability of dobutamine-induced carotid artery pulsation as an internal compression method • Strain elastography was feasible for estimating thyroid stiffness in dogs. Carotid artery pulsation induced by dobutamine infusion can be used for canine thyroid strain elastography with excellent repeatability. |
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INTER- AND INTRAFRACTION MOTION FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY IN DOGS AND CATS USING A MODIFIED BRAINLAB FRAMELESS STEREOTACTIC MASK SYSTEM |
• This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess feasibility of a commercially available modified frameless SRS positioning system for use in veterinary radiotherapy patients with brain tumors. • The maximum angular interfraction motion observed was 6.3° (roll), 3.5° (pitch), and 3.3° (yaw). There was no correlation between angular interfraction motion and weight, brachycephaly, or muscle wasting. • This study demonstrates the modified Brainlab system is feasible for SRS in dogs and cats. |
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VARIABILITY IN THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY DOGS COMPARED TO DOGS WITH HYPERADRENOCORTICISM |
• The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of a hyperechoic and/or heterogenous pancreas in healthy dogs and correlate these findings to weight, age, and body condition score (BCS). • The prevalence of pancreatic hyperechogenicity in normal dogs was 7% (5 of 74) and heterogeneity was 40% (30 of 74). • however, the largest case series reports 1.6 cm as an upper limit of pancreatic thickness. • In one study performed in 61 dogs having confirmed histopathological evidence of chronic pancreatitis, the affected dogs were significantly more likely to have concurrent endocrine disease (P < 0.001; OR, 13.5) when compared to the reference population of healthy dogs.23 However, the majority of the dogs had diabetes mellitus |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PHARYNGEAL NEOPLASIA IN 25 DOGS |
• The purpose of this multicentric, retrospective, cross-sectional study was to describe the CT findings in a sample of dogs with pathologically confirmed pharyngeal neoplasia and determine whether any CT features allowed differentiation of tumor type. • Among tumor groups, lesions were of similar size, irregularly shaped, had ill-defined margins, and had moderate-to-marked heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Lysis of hyoid bones was recorded in two carcinomas and infiltration of the lingual artery occurred in one case. • Marked medial retropharyngeal lymphoadenomegaly was recorded in 11 of 14 carcinomas, in all sarcomas and in two of four melanomas. The single lymphoma case showed ill-defined thickening of the oropharyngeal and laryngeal wall with retropharyngeal and mandibular lymphadenomegaly. • Findings from the current study did not support the hypothesis that CT features could be used to predict pharyngeal tumor type in dog |
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QUANTITATIVE PLANAR AND VOLUMETRIC CARDIAC MEASUREMENTS USING 64 MDCT AND 3T MRI VS. STANDARD 2D AND M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: DOES ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL MATTER? |
• protocol A used midazolam/fentanyl and protocol B used dexmedetomedine as premedication and constant rate infusion during the procedure. • Significant elevations in systolic and mean blood pressure were present when using protocol B. • There was overall good agreement between the variables of cardiac size and systolic function generated from the MDCTA and MRI exams and no significant difference was found when comparing the variables acquired using either anesthetic protocol within each modality • Planar variables acquired using MDCTA or MRI did not allow prediction of the corresponding measurements generated using echocardiography in the awake patients |
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COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ESTIMATES OF EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID VOLUME AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS IN HEALTHY DOGS |
• The images were processed with image analysis freeware (3D Slicer) in order to calculate the volume of extracranial CSF. Cylindrical phantoms of known volume were included in scans and used to calculate accuracy of MRI volume estimates. • The accuracy of MRI volume estimates was 99.8%. Extracranial compartment CSF volumes ranged from 20.21 to 44.06 ml. • Overall volume of the extracranial CSF increased linearly with bodyweight, but the proportional volume (ml/bodyweight kilograms) of the extracranial CSF was inversely proportional to bodyweight. Relative ratios of volumes in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions were constant. |
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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC, RADIOGRAPHIC, AND ENDOSCOPIC TRACHEAL DIMENSIONS IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS WITH GRADE 1 CLINICAL SIGNS OF BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME |
• Computed tomography (n = 40), radiography (n = 38), and tracheoscopy (n = 40) studies were performed during a single general anesthesia session for each included dog. • Computed tomographic measurements averaged 19% greater than radiographic measurements. All included dogs had radiographic tracheal measurements greater than the previously published criteria for tracheal hypoplasia. • Radiographic TD:TI and CT TD:TI were significantly correlated (P = 0.00); however radiographic TT:3R and CT TT:3R were not significantly correlated (P = 0.25). |
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COMBINATION OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODES AND NASAL PASSAGES AIDS DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN RHINITIS AND NEOPLASIA IN CATS |
• The objective of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine whether computed tomography (CT) imaging characteristics of the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes (MRPLN), alone or in combination with CT imaging characteristics of the nasal passages, could aid in differentiation between rhinitis and nasal neoplasia • The combined features predictive of neoplasia were a nasal mass with abnormal hilus (OR 47.7); lysis of turbinates/paranasal bones with abnormal MRPLN hilus |
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COMPARISON OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC AND TRACHEOSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF THE DORSAL TRACHEAL MEMBRANE IN LARGE AND SMALL BREED DOGS |
• Most often, this opacity is attributed to redundancy of the dorsal tracheal membrane (DTM), a condition that occurs with tracheal collapse. We hypothesized that the underlying etiology of this radiographic opacity differs between small breed dogs with tracheal collapse and small or large breed dogs without tracheal collapse • Findings supported the hypothesis that increased radiographic opacity along the dorsal margin of the trachea arises from different etiologies in dogs with and without tracheal collapse. |
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COMPARISON OF LUNG ATTENUATION AND HETEROGENEITY BETWEEN CATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ALLERGIC ASTHMA, NATURALLY OCCURRING ASTHMA AND NORMAL CATS |
• The purpose of this prospective case–control study was to compare indices of airway remodeling between cats with experimentally induced, spontaneous asthma and healthy unaffected cats using CT. • Experimentally asthmatic and spontaneously asthmatic cats had significantly (P = 0.028 and P = 0.073, respectively) increased lung attenuation compared to healthy cats. Heterogeneity scores were higher in experimentally induced asthmatic cat than in healthy cats. • Inspiratory breath- hold anesthetized CT scans facilitated discrimination between asthmatic and healthy cats in comparison to unrestrained CT scans. |
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RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DORSAL HOOF WALL LAYERS IN NONLAMINITIC HORSES |
• Objectives of this descriptive study were to determine which macroscopic layers correspond to the two radiographically visible layers, and to describe radiographic layer measurements in a group of clinically sound Warmblood horses. • Stratum externum and stratum medium represented the superficial radiographic layer while stratum internum and dermis parietis represented the deep layer. In 27 clinically sound horses (54 thoracic feet), the superficial radiographic layer represented 64.3% ± 3.6% of the total dorsal hoof wall. |
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ACCURACY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF THE CRANIAL MARGIN OF THE DORSAL LAMINA OF THE CANINE SACRUM |
• Objectives of this prospective, cross-sectional cadaver study were to describe the accuracy and repeatability of detection of the cranial sacral lamina margin on plain lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral junction in dogs. • Twenty-five medium and large breed canine cadavers were radiographed before and after placement of a radiopaque hook in the cranial margin of the sacral lamina. • A discordance threshold (distance between perceived and actual margin) of 1.5 mm was subjectively defined as clinically relevant. The three evaluators demonstrated good repeatability, although the accuracy for margin detection was only fair |
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PREVALENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC COLONIC MUSCULARIS HYPERECHOIC BAND PARALLELING THE SEROSAL LAYER IN DOGS |
• Prevalence for the hyperechoic band was 32% in the prospective and 4.8% in the retrospective sample populations, respectively. • The hyperechoic band appeared as diffuse, focal, or a combination of both. Histologic sections were available for six dogs. In a few cases, the lesion corresponded to the presence of fibrous tissue in the myenteric plexus or in the tunica muscularis. • None of the dogs had a history of diarrhea. Findings supported the hypothesis that a colonic muscularis hyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs could be a normal variant rather than a marker of disease. |
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ELASTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATURALLY OCCURING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB |
• Acute lesions were found to be significantly softer (P < 0.0001) than chronic lesions (P < 0.0001) and the stiffness of lesions increased with progression of healing (P = 0.0138). • A negative correlation between lesion hypoechogenicity and softness was appreciated with more hypoechoic lesions appearing softer (P = 0.0087) and more hyperechoic regions harder |
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS–SCLEROSING ENCAPSULATING PERITONITIS IN A DOG |
• Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound showed a loculated effusion in the ventral abdomen with dorsal displacement of abdominal organs, hepatomegaly and rounding of liver and splenic margins. • Computed tomography demonstrated centrally located gastrointestinal segments surrounded by a thin soft tissue band and a thickened peritoneal lining. • At necropsy a fibrous membrane continuous with liver and splenic capsules encapsulated all abdominal organs. • Microscopically the abdominal wall and fibrous capsule consisted of an irregular thick layer of hypocellular connective tissue. The final diagnosis was sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis. |
