Acvr 2016- Vru 2014

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INVITED REVIEW-OFF-SITE PET IMAGING PROGRAMS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

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• Several academic centers have developed collaborative relationships with a local human medical center, often at the same university, to reach the same goal. These agreements carry several advantages, as the veterinarian is not responsible for maintenance of the scanner, however limited access—particularly during daytime working hours— may be problematic.

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EVALUATION OF DIAPHRAGMATIC MOTION IN NORMAL AND DIAPHRAGMATIC PARALYZED DOGS USING M-MODE ULTRASONOGRAPHY

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• Bilateral paralysis may be more difficult to confirm with fluoroscopy because diaphragmatic movement is sometimes produced by compensatory abdominal muscle contractions. The purpose of this study was to develop a new method to evaluate diaphragmatic movement using M-mode ultrasonography and to describe findings for normal and diaphragmatic paralyzed dogs.
• For the remaining normal dogs, the lower limit values of diaphragmatic excursion were 2.85–2.98 mm during normal breathing
• Findings indicated that M-mode ultrasonography is a relatively simple and objective method for measuring diaphragmatic movement in dogs.

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ELASTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METACARPAL TENDONS IN HORSES WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF TENDON INJURY

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• Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows detection and measurement of tissue strain, and may provide valuable mechanical information about equine tendon and ligament injuries.
• classified as predominantly hard using elastography. There was no statistically significant difference in stiffness of the flexor tendons
• No significant difference in stiffness was found with altered leg position during standing (P = 0.84) and while nonweight bearing (P = 0.61). The flexor tendons were softer when imaged in longitudinal versus transverse planes (P < 0.01) however, the suspensory branches were not

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FEASIBILITY OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN HEALTHY CATS

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• Chromoendoscopy was subjectively judged to be superior for localizing the major papilla. Insertion of the ERCP catheter was best accomplished when cats were in dorsal recumbency.
• No clinical signs of complications were observed within 18 h after the procedures. Findings indicated that ERCP is technically demanding but feasible in healthy cats.

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS RELATED TO PROGNOSIS IN CANINE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

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• Wall involvement as revealed by ultrasound was significantly (P = 0.00005) associated with histological muscular layer involvement with a sensitivity of 93% (95% Confidence interval, 79–98%) and specificity of 92%
• Findings indicated that ultrasonographic characteristics such as wall involvement, heterogeneous mass, and trigone location could be reliable prognostic indicators in canine transitional cell carcinoma

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—USE OF MULTIPHASIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF MESENTERIC VOLVULUS IN A DOG

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• Multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography was performed and showed a CT “whirl sign,” an important but nonspecific sign of intestinal volvulus in human patients. At surgery, the majority of the small intestine was entangled in the volvulus and showed black discoloration. The patient was euthanized. Postmortem evaluation yielded a diagnosis of jejunoileal mesenteric volvulus secondary to a congenital omphalomesenteric duct remnant

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—CONVENTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A BRAIN ABSCESS IN A GOAT

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• Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings included a large intra axial mass in the left frontal lobe that was T2 hyperintense and T1 hypointense centrally with a contrast-enhancing peripheral capsule and perilesional T2 hyperintensity.
• A restrictive pattern was present in diffusion-weighted imaging. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated an increased amount of succinate, acetate, amino acids, lipids; minimal amounts of lactate; and decreased amounts of N-acetyl aspartate and choline. A cerebral abscess due to Trueperella pyogenes was confirmed from necropsy and tissue culture

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRA-OCULAR MUSCLES IN DOGS WITH NO CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF ORBITAL DISEASE

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• Comparison measurements were made in the pterygoid muscle. Contrast enhancement of the extra-ocular muscles was observed in all patients (median contrast enhancement percentage 45.0%) and was greater than that of pterygoid muscle (median contrast enhancement percentage 22.7%).
• Enhancement of the extra-ocular muscles persisted 10 min after contrast administration (median contrast enhancement percentage 43.4%). Findings indicated that MRI contrast enhancement of extra-ocular muscles is likely normal in dogs.

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PRIMARY AND CONCOMITANT FLEXOR ENTHESOPATHY IN THE CANINE ELBOW

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• Magnetic resonance imaging lesions involving flexor tendons were found in 100% of clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and 96% of clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy.
• Thickened flexor muscles were the most common lesions, followed by hyperintense tendon signal and contrast enhancement.

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF CANINE ELBOW JOINTS AFFECTED BY PRIMARY AND CONCOMITANT FLEXOR ENTHESOPATHY

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• Computed tomographic lesions consistent with flexor enthesopathy were found in all clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and in 29 of the 30 clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Those lesions were not found in sound elbows or joints affected by elbow dysplasia.
• Flexor lesions detected in dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy were not significantly different from those detected in dogs with the concomitant form.

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DISTAL BORDER FRAGMENTS OF THE EQUINE NAVICULAR BONE: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL LAMENESS

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• The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the location, size, and frequency of fragments in a cohort of horses presented for MRI of the foot and to compare MRI findings with severity of lameness.
• There was no increased probability of being categorized as lame if a fragment was present. There was no significant difference in fragment volume across lameness severity categorizations.

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CISTERNA CHYLI IN DOGS

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• In 22 cases a cisterna chyli could be reliably identified prior to intravenous contrast administration and in all 26 cases in postcontrast images.
• The cisterna chyli was most commonly located right dorsolateral to the abdominal aorta between L1 and L4. Shape varied on transverse images from crescent-like to globular and maximum diameters ranged from 5 to 9 mm.
• Mild enhancement of the cisterna chyli post-contrast was observed in 24 dogs

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PREVALENCE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC SUBCHONDRAL BONE LESIONS IN THE SCAPULOHUMERAL JOINT OF 32 IMMATURE DOGS WITH THORACIC LIMB LAMENESS

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• In one dog, subchondral bone lesions appeared as large oval defects within the mid- aspect of the glenoid cavities, bilaterally. These lesions resembled osseous cyst-like lesions commonly identified in the horse. This is the first report of such a presentation of a subchondral bone lesion in the glenoid cavity of a dog.
• In all dogs, small, focal, round or linear lucent defects were visible within the cortical bone at the junction of the greater tubercle and intertubercular groove. These structures were thought to represent vascular channels.

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EOSINOPHILIC PULMONARY GRANULOMATOSIS IN FIVE DOGS

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• Computed tomographic characteristics most commonly included pulmonary masses and nodules of variable size, and lesions were most commonly located in the caudal lung lobes. Four dogs had large pulmonary masses with or without additional nodules and one dog had nodular lesions disseminated throughout the entire lung parenchyma.
• All large eosinophilic granulomas were smoothly margined, heterogeneous pulmonary masses displaying heterogeneous contrast enhancement.
• A honeycomb-like enhancement pattern was observed in all but one mass and consisted of multiple hyperattenuating rims delineating central hypoattenuating areas, suggestive of bronchiectatic lung with peripheral enhancing airway walls and fluid-filled, necrotic bronchial lumen

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TRIPLE-PHASE HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH HEPATIC MASSES

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• Triple-phase helical CT scans for each dog included precontrast, arterial phase, portal venous phase, and delayed phase studies. The removed hepatic masses were histopathologically classified as hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 47), nodular hyperplasia (n = 14), and hepatic metastatic tumors (n = 9) in dogs.
• hepatocellular carcinomas the most common CT findings included a heterogeneous pattern with hyper-, iso-, and hypoenhancement in both the arterial and portal venous phases (40/47, 85.1%).
• Of the 14 nodular hyperplasias, the most common CT findings were a homogeneous pattern with hyper- and isoenhancement in both the portal venous and delayed phases (13/14, 92.9%).
• Of nine hepatic metastatic tumors, the most common CT findings included a homogeneous hypoenhancement pattern in both the arterial and portal venous phases (8/9, 88.9%)

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF SMALL BOWEL METASTASIS FROM CANINE MAMMARY CARCINOMA

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• Ultrasonographic scanning revealed the presence of a unique pattern of multiple, well-defined and well-marginated hypoechoic nodules in the muscularis layer of the jejunum. These nodules were not associated with changes in the rest of the normal intestinal layering and were not causing signs of intestinal obstruction. Mammary carcinoma metastases to the intestinal muscularis layer were diagnosed based on histopathological examination

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PHYSIOLOGIC VARIANTS, BENIGN PROCESSES, AND ARTIFACTS FROM 106 CANINE AND FELINE FDG-PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANS

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• Non-neoplastic disease-related lesions were categorized as physiologic variant, benign activity, or equipment/technology related artifact.
• a total of 718 occurrences of physiologic variant, areas of incidental benign activity, and artifacts were identified. Twenty-two of 23 feline scans and 82 of 83 canine scans had at least one artifact.
• Artifacts were most often related to injection or misregistration

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COMPARISON BETWEEN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 43 DOGS WITH GALLBLADDER MUCOCELES

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• the ultrasonographic pattern of the mucocele was classified into one of six types: type 1, immobile echogenic bile; type 2, incomplete stellate pattern; type 3, typical stellate pattern; type 4, kiwi like pattern and stellate combination; type 5, kiwi like pattern with residual central echogenic bile; and type 6, kiwi like pattern
• In dogs with gallbladder rupture, type 2 (8/13) was the most common. No significant correlations were found between ultrasonographic patterns of gallbladder mucoceles and clinical disease status or gallbladder rupture.

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDURIA IN CLINICALLY NORMAL CATS

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• None of the zonographic echoes were gravity dependent or caused distal acoustic shadowing, reverberation, or twinkle artifact.
• Of the cats with sonographic echoes in the urine, 66% (24/36) had no significant findings on urinalysis other than the presence of lipid. The total amount of subjective sonographic echoes was not significantly related to the total amount of fat measured on thin layer chromatography or the number of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis.

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—CELIACOMESENTERIC TRUNK AND PORTAL VEIN HYPOPLASIA IN A PIT BULL TERRIER

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• primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV) are described. Computed tomography angiography revealed acquired porto-systemic shunts secondary to portal hypertension and a common origin of the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN NONCONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR DETECTION
AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THORACOLUMBAR MYELOPATHY CAUSED BY INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HERNIATION IN DOGS

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• Forty-four dogs met the inclusion criteria. The sensitivity of CT was 88.6% (79.5%–94.2%) and of MR was 98.5% (95% confidence interval, 94.1%–99.7%) for diagnosis of intervertebral disk herniation.
• Magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate than CT for identifying the site of intervertebral disk herniation-associated spinal cord compression and differentiating disk extrusion vs. protrusion. Computed tomography was less accurate for lesion localization in per acute cases, as well as for chondrodystrophic, female, older and smaller (<7 kg) dogs.

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ACCURACY OF LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING VERSUS RADIOGRAPHY FOR GUIDING INJECTION OF EQUINE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS

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• The purpose of this study was to compare accuracy of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vs. radiography for injecting the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint.
• Magnetic resonance imaging guided injection was successful more frequently than radiographic- guided injection based on postinjection MRI and gross sections

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CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDINITIS WITHIN THE TARSAL SHEATH
IN FOUR HORSES

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• All horses showed positive improvement (70–90%) in lameness after tarsal sheath analgesia. Radiographic, scintigraphic, and ultrasonographic findings were inconclusive. For all horses, MRI characteristics included increased T2, PD, and STIR signal intensity within the lateral digital flexor tendon in the area of the tarsal sheath. Tarsal sheath effusion was slight in three horses, and mild/moderate in one horse.

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ASYMMETRIC NASAL MUCOSAL THICKENING IN HEALTHY DOGS CONSISTENT WITH THE NASAL CYCLE AS DEMONSTRATED BY MRI AND CT

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• The nasal cycle is a physiological phenomenon that causes regular cyclical congestion and decongestion of the venous sinusoids lining the nasal mucosa. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) features of the normal nasal cycle in a group of dogs.
• All dogs showed diffuse unilateral mucosal thickening of the rostral part of the nasal cavity in both MRI and CT studies. This mucosal thickening shifted sides between examinations in three dogs. Changes appeared most marked on T2-weighted scans.

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASMS IN DOGS

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• The most common CT characteristics for all tumor types were a direct association with or in the region of multiple teeth in 96.4% (27/28), contrast enhancement in 96.3% (26/27), alveolar bone lysis in 93.1% (27/29), and mass-associated tooth displacement in 85.2% (23/27)
• Mass-associated cyst-like structures were identified in 53.6% (15/28) and were only present in tumors containing odontogenic epithelium
• Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumors (n = 3) had subjectively uniform CT imaging characteristics and consisted of round soft tissue and mineral attenuating masses with multiple associated cyst-like structures. Fibromatous epulides of periodontal ligament origin (n = 4) were contrast enhancing extra-osseous masses that were rarely referred for CT examinations and 25% (1/4) were not visible with CT.

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X-RAY ATTENUATION OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEY IN CATS CONSIDERED AT VARYING RISK OF HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS

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• X-ray attenuation of the liver has been measured using computed tomography (CT) and reported to decrease in cats with experimentally induced hepatic lipidosis. To assess the clinical utility of this technique, medical records and noncontrast CT scans of a series of cats were retrospectively reviewed.
• Findings indicated that CT measures of X-ray attenuation in the liver and kidney may not be accurate predictors of naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis in cats.

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RADIOGRAPHIC AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN NINE CATS

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• Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fatal interstitial lung disease that is often idiopathic, occurs in multiple species, and may be caused by a number of inciting factors.
• All patients had a broad range of radiographic characteristics that included broncho-interstitial pattern, alveolar pattern, pulmonary masses, pulmonary bullae, pleural effusion, and cardiomegaly. Cats with available echocardiographic studies had characteristics that included right ventricular dilation and hypertrophy and pulmonary arterial hypertension interpreted to be secondary to primary lung disease.
• CT studies had characteristics that included focally increased soft tissue attenuation, masses, and ventral consolidation that exhibited no improvement with dorsal versus ventral recumbency

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INVITED REVIEW—NEUROIMAGING RESPONSE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR BRAIN TUMORS IN VETERINARY PATIENTS

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• Discussion points will include current challenges associated with the interpretation of brain tumor therapeutic responses such as imaging pseudophenomena and treatment-induced necrosis, and how advancements in perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown promise in differentiating tumor progression from therapy-induced changes.
• Finally, although objective endpoints such as MR imaging and survival estimates will likely continue to comprise the foundations for outcome measures in veterinary brain tumor clinical trials, we propose that in order to provide a more relevant therapeutic response metric for veterinary patients, composite response systems should be formulated and validated that combine imaging and clinical assessment criteria.

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EFFECTS OF GADOXETATE DISODIUM (EOVIST) CONTRAST ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVER IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY DOGS

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• Gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA; gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid) is a newly developed paramagnetic contrast agent reported to have a high specificity for the hepatobiliary system in humans
• Dogs were assigned to four groups based on contrast dose administered (0.0125 mmol/kg or 0.025 mmol/kg), and pulse sequences acquired after contrast administration (T1-weighted spin echo and T1-weighted 3D gradient echo).
• Liver signal intensity ratios were calculated and compared between the two contrast dose groups and two postcontrast pulse sequence groups using ANOVA. No adverse effects of contrast administration were observed. All dogs exhibited homogeneous contrast enhancement of the liver with no statistical difference in enhancement between the two different contrast doses.

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3 TESLA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE OCCIPITOATLANTOAXIAL REGION IN THE NORMAL HORSE

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• The aim of this study was to describe the appearance of the ligamentous structures of the occipitoatlantoaxial (OAA) region in the normal horse by 3 tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI images of the longitudinal odontoid ligament, tectorial membrane, dorsal and ventral atlantoaxial ligaments, dorsal atlantooccipital membrane with its reinforcing ligaments, and the lateral atlantooccipital ligaments of 10 horse cadavers were evaluated.
• All were iso to mildly hypointense to musculature of the neck in T1W with the exception of the tectorial membrane that was moderately hypointense; moderately hypointense in PD-SPIR, and markedly hypointense (isointense to cortical bone) in T2W.
• The longitudinal odontoid ligament, ventral atlantoaxial ligament, and reinforcing bands of the dorsal atlantooccipital membrane presented a characteristic striped heterogeneous signal behavior thought to be due to fibrocartilaginous content.

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH LATERAL CEREBRAL VENTRICULOMEGALY IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS

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• Presence of lateral ventriculomegaly was not significantly associated with presence of another intracranial lesion.
• Appearance of the septum pellucidum was variable, ranging from intact to incomplete or completely absent. The corpus callosum was subjectively thinned in all but three dogs, two of which had normal lateral ventricles. Fusion of the rostral colliculi was not found in any dog.
• has unknown clinical significance at this time

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: MULTIPLE CARTILAGINOUS EXOSTOSES AND CALCINOSIS CIRCUMSCRIPTA OCCURRING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE CERVICAL SPINE OF A DOG

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• 8-month-old female Saint Bernard dog was presented with gait abnormalities consistent with a left- lateralizing cervical myelopathy.
• The lesion was successfully excised, and histopathology was performed, revealing evidence of both multiple cartilaginous exostoses and calcinosis circumscripta.
• Generally, these lesions form near sites of normal endochondral ossification and produce hyaline-capped bony proliferations that develop on the cortical surface of bones.
• Calcinosis circumscripta is a syndrome of ectopic mineralization of soft tissues,
• There are three main forms of calcinosis circumscripta: metastatic, dystrophic, and idiopathic.
• The metastatic form occurs secondary to a derangement in calcium and/or phosphorus home- ostasis. The dystrophic form occurs in tissues that have been damaged by a pathological process, such as trauma, inflammation, infection, or neoplasia. With this form, the calcium and phosphorus levels are normal. The idiopathic form occurs in the absence of trauma or metabolic disease.

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF HISTOPLASMOSIS IDENTIFIED IN THE SPLEEN IN 15 CATS

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• The disseminated form involving lung, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow is a frequent manifestation of the disease.
• Splenomegaly was documented in all cases (15/15) and a hypoechoic appearance of the spleen was documented in 14/15 of cases. The spleen was diffusely and uniformly affected in 14/15

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: CRANIAL CERVICAL INTRASPINAL SCHWANNOMA IN A DOG

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• On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging a well-defined, extradural mass was detected within the spinal canal at the level of C1–C2. The mass was isointense to normal spinal cord gray matter on T1-weighted (T1W) images, hyperintense on T2-weighted (T2W), and gradient-echo (GE) images, and enhanced homogeneously after intravenous contrast administration.

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FDG-PET IN HEALTHY AND EPILEPTIC LAGOTTO ROMAGNOLO DOGS AND CHANGES IN BRAIN GLUCOSE UPTAKE WITH AGE

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• the goal of this prospective study was to determine whether juvenile or adult dogs with focal-onset epilepsy exhibit abnormal cerebral glucose uptake interictally and whether glucose uptake changes with age.
• changes in EEG occurred in three of these dogs in the same areas where PET showed cortical hypometabolism. Visual analysis showed no abnormalities in cerebral glucose uptake in dogs with adult-onset epilepsy. Semiquantitative analysis detected no differences between epileptic and control dogs.

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FREQUENCY AND NUMBER OF ULTRASOUND LUNG ROCKETS (B-LINES) USING A REGIONALLY BASED LUNG ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION NAMED VET BLUE (VETERINARY BEDSIDE LUNG ULTRASOUND EXAM) IN DOGS WITH RADIOGRAPHICALLY NORMAL LUNG FINDINGS

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• Overall frequency of ultrasound lung rockets was 11% (95% confidence interval, 6–19%) in dogs without respiratory disease versus 100% (95% confidence interval, 74–100%) in those with left-sided heart failure.

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VALIDATION OF A NOVEL TRANSLUMBAR ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING RENAL DIMENSIONS IN HORSES

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• Two observers recorded renal length, width, and depth; and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, pyramids, and pelvis for both kidneys in each horse using novel translumbar and conventional transabdominal ultrasound methods.
• Renal dimensions obtained by transabdominal and translumbar projections did not differ

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INVITED REVIEW—COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA) OF THE THORACIC CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN COMPANION ANIMALS

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• Two types of cardiac EKG gating are used: prospective and retrospective EKG gating
• either the right side of the heart and pulmonary arterial tree or the left side of the heart including the coronary arteries or aorta are to be investigated in separate exams.
• The bolus of contrast medium is reportedly ideally injected through the right cephalic vein, which results in fewer artifacts compared to the left vein in humans. It will then move through the afferent cranial vena cava into the right atrium and ventricle, through the main pulmonary artery and its branches, capillary bed, and return through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circulation in the first pass.

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VALIDATION OF A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR CREATING SIMULATED RADIOGRAPHS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATASETS

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• No significant differences between simulated and actual radiographs were found for anatomic structure visualization and patient positioning in the majority of body parts. For the assessment of radiographic realism, no significant differences were found between simulated and digital radiographs for canine pelvis, equine tarsus, and feline abdomen body parts.
• Overall, image quality and contrast resolution of simulated radiographs were considered satisfactory.

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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES RELEVANT TO MAXILLARY ARTERIAL FLOW OBSERVED DURING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND NONSELECTIVE DIGITAL SUBTRACTION

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• With the mouth opened, opacification of the maxillary arteries (rostral to the angular processes) was reduced in all cats, the cerebral arterial circle and basilar artery had simultaneous opacification in four of six (67%) cats, and the cerebrum had reduced opacification compared to the cerebellum in four of six (67%).
• In conclusion, the maxillary arteries are situated such that they can be compressed when opening the mouth. Opening the mouth did not consistently induce collateral circulation sufficient to produce comparable cerebral opacification as when the mouth was closed

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ANGIOGRAPHY IN CATS WITH THE MOUTH CLOSED AND OPENED

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• Our first aim was to use computed tomography (CT) to describe how vascular compression is possible based on morphologic differences between mouth positions. Our second aim was to use nonselective digital subtraction angiography to assess whether opening the mouth induces collateral circulation.

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HALO AND REVERSE HALO SIGNS IN CANINE PULMONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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• The halo sign (HS) and reverse halo sign (RHS) are radiologic signs identified on pulmonary computed tomography
• The HS is described as a circular area of ground-glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule or mass. The RHS is defined as a focal, rounded area of ground-glass attenuation surrounded by a more or less complete ring of consolidation.
• The HS was identified in neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory conditions, with the RHS identified in neoplastic and infectious diseases and a lung lobe torsion. Histologically, the HS and RHS were caused by tumor extension, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage of the pulmonary parenchyma.

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RADIOGRAPHIC AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT ATRIAL SIZE IN 100 CATS WITH ACUTE LEFT-SIDED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

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• The aims of this study were to evaluate left atrial size in cats with acute left-sided congestive heart failure.
• On echocardiography, left atrial enlargement was observed in 96% cats (subjective assessment) whereas maximum left atrial dimension was increased (>15.7 mm) in 93% cats. On radiographs left atrial enlargement (subjective assessment) was found in 48% (lateral view), 53% (ventrodorsal view), and 64% (any view) of cats whereas left atrial enlargement was absent in 36% of cats in both views
• Agreement between both methods of left atrial size estimation was poor
• normal left atrial size on thoracic radiographs does not rule out presence of left-sided congestive heart failure in cats with clinical signs of respiratory distress.

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COMPARISON OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND POSITIVE CONTRAST VAGINOURETHROGRAPHY FOR DETERMINING REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF FEMALE CATS

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• Digital abdominal radiography, digital abdominal radiography with compression, abdominal ultrasonography, and positive contrast vaginourethrography were performed in sequence by a board-certified veterinary radiologist and a second-year radiology resident
• Ultrasonography of the uterus had the highest sensitivity (86%) for determining reproductive status of all the imaging modalities tested

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE NONPARENCHYMAL HEMANGIOSARCOMA

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• Dogs with histologically confirmed nonparenchymal hemangiosarcoma and pre- and postcontrast CT images were recruited. Two observers recorded a consensus opinion for the following CT characteristics for each dog: largest transverse tumor diameter, number of masses, general tumor shape, character of the tumor margin, precontrast appearance, presence of dystrophic calcification, presence of postcontrast enhancement, pattern of postcontrast enhancement, presence of regional lymphadenopathy, and presence of associated cavitary fluid.
• heterogeneous in precontrast images, invasive into adjacent tissue, and heterogeneously contrast enhancing.
• One unexpected finding was the presence of intense foci of contrast enhancement in 13 of the 17 tumors

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AN OPTIMIZED PROTOCOL FOR MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE BRAIN

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• There was overall agreement that the optimal protocol was the one with the following parameters: sequential mode, 300 mAs, 1 mm slice thickness, 1 s tube rotation time, medium image reconstruction algorithm and applied beam hardening correction.
• Sequential imaging provided optimal image resolution. The thin-sliced images provided a small blur due to partial volume artifacts. A high tube current resulted in a relatively low noise level. Use of a medium frequency image reconstruction algorithm provided optimal contrast resolution for brain tissue

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EVALUATION OF STANDARD MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARACTERISTICS USED TO DIFFERENTIATE NEOPLASTIC, INFLAMMATORY, AND VASCULAR BRAIN LESIONS IN DOGS

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• Only strong contrast enhancement was more common in neoplasia than other disease categories.
• A multivariable statistical model suggested that extra-axial origin, T2-FLAIR mixed intensity, and defined lesion margins were also predictive of neoplasia.
• Meningeal enhancement, irregular lesion shape, and multifocal location distinguished inflammatory diseases from the other disease categories

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EFFECTS OF STIFLE FLEXION ANGLE AND SCAN PLANE ON VISIBILITY OF THE NORMAL CANINE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT USING LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

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• Visualization scores for the cranial cruciate ligament in the dorsal (H (2) = 19.620, P = 0.000), axial (H (2) = 14.633, P = 0.001), and sagittal (H (2) = 8.143, P = 0.017) planes were significantly affected by the angle of stifle flexion. Post hoc analysis showed that the ligament was best visualized at 90◦ compared to 145◦ in the dorsal (Z = −3.906, P = 0.000), axial (Z = −3.398, P = 0.001), and sagittal (Z = −2.530, P = 0.011) planes.
• Findings supported the use of a 90◦ flexed stifle position for maximizing visualization of the cranial cruciate ligament using low-field MRI in dogs.

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS - SPONTANEOUS SUBPERIOSTEAL VERTEBRAL HEMORRHAGE IN A GREYHOUND

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• A 4-year-old, spayed female greyhound dog was presented with an acute onset of paraplegia. There was no known history of trauma or coagulopathy. Spinal cord compression was identified on MRI. Intra-operative evaluation revealed the presence of a large subperiosteal hematoma and a smaller epidural hematoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a spinal subperiosteal hematoma diagnosed antemortem through MRI, with surgical exploration and successful treatment in a dog.

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EVALUATION OF THE WARP-TURBO SPIN ECHO SEQUENCE FOR 3 TESLA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF STIFLE JOINTS IN DOGS WITH STAINLESS STEEL TIBIAL PLATEAU LEVELING OSTEOTOMY IMPLANTS

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• Evaluators were significantly more likely to grade local anatomy depiction as adequate for making a diagnosis in WARP-turbo spin echo images in the sagittal but not dorsal plane.

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—SPINAL EPIDURAL HEMANGIOSARCOMA IN A DOG

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• An 8-year-old, male Boxer was examined for an acute onset of ambulatory paraparesis. Neurologic examination was consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy. Myelography revealed an extradural spinal cord compression in the region of the T10-T13 vertebrae. On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, a well-defined epidural mass lesion was detected. The mass was mildly hyperintense on T1-weighted, hyperintense on T2-weighted and STIR images compared to normal spinal cord and enhanced strongly and homogenously.
• Postmortem examination confirmed a primary epidural hemangiosarcoma. Findings indicated that the MRI characteristics of spinal epidural hemangiosarcoma may mimic other lesions including meningioma and epidural hemorrhages/hematomas of non-neoplastic etiology.

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ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND KIDNEYS IN CLINICALLY NORMAL CATS

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• Strain values were not different between organs. Body wall median was the only significantly different value
• Subjectively, hepatic and splenic parenchymal tissues were homogeneous in compressibility and similar in elasticity to one another. Renal cortical tissue was softer compared to medullary tissue. Findings indicated that ultrasound elastography is a feasible technique for objectively and subjectively characterizing the feline liver, spleen, and kidneys.

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TECHNIQUE FOR ULTRASOUND-GUIDED INTRAARTICULAR CERVICAL ARTICULAR PROCESS INJECTION IN THE DOG

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• Accuracy of ultrasound-guided intraarticular process joint injection was 83% in dogs and similar to published techniques in horses.
• Only C2–3 had a significantly lower mean score than any other joint. There was no significant correlation between injection score and any other factors measured.

Front 57

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANINE RENAL LYMPHOMA

Back 57

• Pyelectasia was found in all dogs.
• Other ultrasonographic findings were loss of corticomedullary distinction (9/10 dogs), renomegaly (8/10 dogs), renal deformity (6/10 dogs), hypoechoic lesion(s) (6/10 dogs), and hyperechoic lesion(s) (2/10 dogs)

Front 58

CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION MEASURED WITH HIGH RESOLUTION POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN EPILEPTIC FINNISH SPITZ DOGS AND HEALTHY DOGS

Back 58

• In human epileptic patients, changes in cerebral glucose utilization can be detected 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D- glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether epileptic dogs might show similar findings.
• Three independent observers, unaware of dog clinical status, detected FDG-PET uptake abnormalities in 9/11 epileptic (82%), and 4/8 healthy dogs
• Findings supported the use of FDG-PET as a diagnostic test for dogs with suspected idiopathic epilepsy.

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TRANSTHORACIC LUNG ULTRASOUND IN NORMAL DOGS AND DOGS WITH CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA: A PILOT STUDY

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• B line artifacts (vertical, narrow-based, well-defined hyperechoic rays arising from the pleural surface).
• Artifacts were more numerous and widely distributed in dogs with congestive heart failure

Front 60

HALO AND REVERSE HALO SIGNS IN CANINE PULMONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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• The halo sign (HS) and reverse halo sign (RHS) are radiologic signs identified on pulmonary computed tomography (CT) in people.
• The HS is described as a circular area of ground-glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule or mass. The RHS is defined as a focal, rounded area of ground-glass attenuation surrounded by a more or less complete ring of consolidation.
• Our results indicate that the HS and RHS are not common signs identified in dogs with pulmonary disease with an HS noted in five cases and an RHS in 4 of the 33 dogs that met the inclusion criteria.
• The HS was identified in neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory conditions, with the RHS identified in neoplastic and infectious diseases and a lung lobe torsion. Histologically, the HS and RHS were caused by tumor extension, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage of the pulmonary parenchyma

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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES RELEVANT TO MAXILLARY ARTERIAL FLOW OBSERVED DURING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND NONSELECTIVE DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY IN CATS WITH THE MOUTH CLOSED AND OPENED

Back 61

• Our first aim was to use computed tomography (CT) to describe how vascular compression is possible based on morphologic differences between mouth positions. Our second aim was to use nonselective digital subtraction angiography to assess whether opening the mouth induces collateral circulation.
• During CT, the maxillary artery coursed between the angular process of the mandible and the rostrolateral wall of the tympanic bulla. The median distance between these structures was shorter when the mouth was opened (left, 4.3 mm; right, 3.6 mm) vs. closed (left, 6.9 mm; right, 7.1 mm). Additionally, the distance was shorter on the side ipsilateral to the gag
• During nonselective angiography, with the mouth closed, there was strong sequential opacification of the external carotid arteries, maxillary arteries, maxillary retia mirabilia, cerebral arterial circle, and basilar artery. Additionally, there was uniform opacification of the cerebrum and cerebellum. With the mouth opened, opacification of the maxillary arteries (rostral to the angular processes) was reduced in all cats, the cerebral arterial circle and basilar artery had simultaneous opacification in four of six (67%) cats, and the cerebrum had reduced opacification compared to the cerebellum in four of six (67%).

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VALIDATION OF A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR CREATING SIMULATED RADIOGRAPHS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATASETS

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• A DICOM viewer (ORS Visual) plug-in was developed with the ability to move and deform cuboidal volumetric CT datasets, and to produce images simulating the effects of tube-patient-detector distance and angulation.
• No significant differences between simulated and actual radiographs were found for anatomic structure visualization and patient positioning in the majority of body parts

Front 63

COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, FLUOROSCOPY, AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR GUIDING PERCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF THE CANINE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

Back 63

• Intervertebral discs of 14 dog cadavers were injected with a gelified ethanol therapeutic agent. Successful injectate placement and injectate leakage were determined based on necropsy inspection of discs. Injection into the nucleus pulposus was successful in 55 of 78
• Injections guided using CT and fluoroscopy were significantly more successful than US-guided injections.
• Forty-nine (63%) of injection sites had injectate leakage outside the disc and 10 of these involved structures within the vertebral canal.
• Ethanol acts by causing a molecular split of the remaining proteoglycans of the nucleus pulposus in hopes of diminishing the nuclear volume resulting indirectly in regression of the protrusion

Front 64

PALLIATIVE RADIATION THERAPY OUTCOMES FOR CATS WITH ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (1999–2005)

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• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 10% of all feline tumors.

• Overall mean and median survival times for cats completing the planned treatment protocols were 127 and 92 days (n = 49). Mean and median survival times of cats receiving palliative radiation therapy alone were 157 and 113 days (n = 12). Mean and median survival times of patients receiving both radiation therapy and chemotherapy were 116 and 80 days (n = 37). Patients with sublingual tumors had a median survival time of 135 days (n = 15), compared to mandibular tumors that had a median survival time of 80 days (n = 26).
• Lower with chemo and mandibular loc (over sublingual)

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSPLASIA IN A BASSET HOUND

Back 65

• A 5-month-old intact male Basset Hound presented for evaluation of pain and crepitation during manipulation of the temporomandibular joint, worse on the right side. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head was performed. The CT images demonstrated the osseous features of temporomandibular joint dysplasia and facilitated a 3D reconstruction, which allowed better visualization of the dysplastic features. The patient responded to conservative management with a tape muzzle with no recurrence reported by the owner 6 months after presentation

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLATERAL VENOUS PATHWAYS IN DOGS WITH CAUDAL VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION

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• Collateral venous pathways develop in dogs with obstruction or increased blood flow resistance at any level of the caudal vena cava in order to maintain venous drainage to the right atrium.
• A total of nine dogs met inclusion criteria and four major collateral venous pathways were identified: deep (n = 2), portal (n = 2), intermediate (n = 7), and superficial (n = 5). More than one collateral venous pathway was present in 5 dogs.
• described as acquired conditions, typically caused by neoplasia, trauma, and thrombosis.

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABDOMINAL ESOPHAGUS AND CARDIA IN DOGS

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• Cardial and abdominal esophageal wall thicknesses were measured ultrasonographically for all normal dogs and effects of weight, sex, age, and stomach filling were tested. Five layers could be identified in normal esophageal and cardial walls. The inner esophageal layer was echogenic, corresponding to the cornified mucosa and glandular portion of the submucosa. The cardia was characterized by a thick muscularis, and a transitional zone between echogenic esophageal and hypoechoic gastric mucosal layers.
• Cardia (stomach) wall thickness 7.5-13.3; esophagus 4-6.5 mm

Front 68

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—TRANSESOPHAGEAL ULTRASOUND-GUIDED REMOVAL OF A MIGRATING GRASS AWN FOREIGN BODY IN A DOG

Back 68

• A 3-year-old English Setter dog was presented for an acute onset of coughing. Tracheobronchoscopic examination allowed localization and removal of one grass awn foreign body. A second migrated grass awn was suspected to be present in the left caudal lung lobe. Transesophageal ultrasound revealed an area of pulmonary consolidation in the dorsomedial portion of left caudal lobe and a linear hyperechoic structure consistent with a grass awn foreign body within the area of consolidation. Transesophageal ultrasonography was also used to provide anatomical landmarks that facilitated successful thoracoscopic removal of the foreign body.

Front 69

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS IN FOUR DOGS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOSPOROSIS

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• Magnetic resonance imaging showed mild bilateral and symmetrical cerebellar atrophy in three of four dogs (dogs 2, 3, 4), intramedullary spinal cord changes in two dogs (dogs 3, 4) and a mesencephalic and metencephalic lesion in one dog (dog 2).
• Multifocal brain lesions were recognized in two dogs (dogs 1, 4) and were present in the thalamus, lentiform nucleus, centrum semiovale, internal capsule, brainstem and cortical gray matter of the frontal, parietal or temporal lobe

Front 70

MULTIDETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND ULTRASOUND CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDAL VENA CAVA DUPLICATION IN DOGS

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• the duplication comprised two vessels that were bilaterally symmetrical and approximately the same calibre (similar to Type I complete duplication in humans).
• Yorkie poodle westie, maltese

• Presence of a duplicated caudal vena cava was significantly associated with presence of extrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Front 71

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF DYSPLASIA AND PROGRESSION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DOG ELBOWS PREVIOUSLY ASSIGNED OFA GRADES 0 AND 1

Back 71

• The sensitivity and specificity of the OFA grade for elbow dysplasia compared to CT findings was 75% and 38%, respectively.
• Proliferation on the anconeal process without CT evidence of dysplasia or osteoarthritis was present in 20% of the elbows

Front 72

EVALUATION OF TRADITIONAL AND NOVEL RADIOGRAPHIC VERTEBRAL RATIOS IN GREAT DANES WITH VERSUS WITHOUT CERVICAL SPONDYLOMYELOPATHY

Back 72

• Great Danes are predisposed to osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy
• The first aim of this prospective study was to compare values measured using previously published intravertebral and intervertebral ratio methods and a novel ventrodorsal ratio method in radiographs of clinically normal and affected Great Danes. The second aim was to determine whether these ratios could be used as predictors of sites of spinal cord compression based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• The ventrodorsal ratio was significantly smaller in affected Great Danes at C5–6 (P = 0.005) and C6–7

Front 73

COMPARISON OF NONCONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND HIGH-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF GREAT DANES WITH CERVICAL SPONDYLOMYELOPATHY

Back 73

• The highest overall intermethod agreements were obtained for the main site of compression and direction of compression with substantial agreements whereas the lowest was obtained for right-sided foraminal stenosis
• While different observers frequently agree on the main site of compression using both imaging techniques, there is considerable variation between modalities and among observers when assessing articular process characteristics and foraminal stenosis.

Front 74

OPTIMIZED CANINE DENTAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL IN MEDIUM-SIZED MESATICEPAHLIC DOGS

Back 74

• For single-detector row CT, complete visualization of all tooth roots was only achieved with 1 mm slice thickness and image interval sequential or helical series (pitch of 1 or 2) using a high-frequency image reconstruction algorithm with or without additional edge enhancement. For four-detector row CT, complete visibility of all tooth roots was recorded in all series
• sequential and helical 0.5 mm thickness images yielded very sharp dento-alveolar margin scores, whereas the 1 mm series yielded only sharp margin scores

Front 75

CONTRAST VIDEOFLUOROSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF DYSPHAGIC CATS

Back 75

• Hiatal hernia (n = 5), esophageal stricture (n = 3), and esophageal dysmotility (n = 7) were the most common diagnoses (some cats having more than 1 diagnosis) in dysphagic cats that underwent videofluoroscopic swallow studies.

Front 76

RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN 74 DOGS

Back 76

• Histiocytic sarcomas were significantly larger than other tumor types and most likely to be found in the left cranial (38%; 8/21) and right middle (43%; 9/21) lung lobes

• adenocarcinomas were most likely to be found in the left caudal (29%; 9/31) lung lobe

• Fifty-seven percent (12/21) of histiocytic sarcomas had an internal air bronchogram

Front 77

RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION IN DOGS BASED ON RELATIVE SMALL INTESTINAL EXTERNAL DIAMETERS

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• Small intestinal maximal diameter (SImax ), L5 vertebral body height, small intestinal minimal diameter (SImin), and an estimated average of small intestinal diameters (SIave) were measured and three ratios were calculated: SImax/L5, SImax/SImin, and SImax/SIave.
• agreement (absent to fair, with kappa values between −0.06 and 0.57) and reproducibility (coef- ficients of 0.35–0.61). Findings indicated that dogs with SImax/L5 & 1.4, SImax/SImin & 2, and SImax/SIave & 1.3 values are very unlikely to be mechanically obstructed; dogs with SImax/L5 & 2.4, SImax/SImin & 3.4 and SImax/SIave & 1.9 are very likely obstructed, particularly if segmental dilation (less than 25% of the small intestine) is present

Front 78

COMPARISON OF ADAPTIVE RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES FOR EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY OF CANINE BLADDER CANCER

Back 78

• Daily bladder variations make it difficult to utilize standard radiotherapy as a primary treatment option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Our purpose was to develop a model comparing dose distributions of image-guided and adaptive radiotherapy (ART) techniques for canine bladder cancer.
• Dose volume histograms were generated for each plan type and dose distribution for the bladder and rectum were compared between plan types. Irradiated rectal volume decreased and irradiated bladder volume increased as plan conformality increased. ART provided the greatest rectal sparing, with lowest irradiated rectal volume (P < 0.001), and largest bladder volume receiving 95% of the prescription dose (P < 0.001). In our model, adaptive radiotherapy techniques for canine bladder cancer showed significant reduction in rectal volume irradiated when compared to nonadaptive techniques, while maintaining appropriate bladder coverage.

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EFFECTS OF HYDRATION ON SCINTIGRAPHIC GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MEASURED USING INTEGRAL AND PLASMA VOLUME METHODS IN DOGS WITH SUSPECTED RENAL DISEASE

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• The current standard scintigraphic method for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs is the integral method, which normalizes renal GFR to body weight. The plasma volume method, that is normalizing GFR to plasma volume, has been reported to be more physiologically correct.
• Findings supported the use of the plasma volume method for scintigraphic calculation of GFR in dogs with suspected renal disease and indicated that errors of kidney status classification may more likely occur when the integral method is used.

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION SECONDARY TO A BILIARY FOREIGN BODY IN A CAT

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• Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a dilated common bile duct containing a spindle- shaped structure with several reflecting interfaces. Differentials that were considered included an intraluminal foreign body, or helminth parasites within the common bile duct. Surgical exploration of the abdominal cavity demonstrated the presence of two grass awns obstructing the common bile duct.

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ELASTOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE LIVER, SPLEEN AND KIDNEYS

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• Elastography is a simple, expedient and noninvasive technique that may be used to assess the elasticity or stiffness of a tissue, in conjunction with traditional B-mode ultrasonography. Quantitative assessment of tissue stiffness can be made which involves measurement of the shear wave velocity within the tissue of interest
• Depth at which measurements were taken had a significant negative relationship with the shear wave velocity value obtained.
• Individual dog effects, such as weight and gender, also appeared to have a significant effect on the shear wave velocity measurement for specific organs; weight had a significant positive effect on the shear wave velocity for each of the organs examined, whereas the effect of gender was inconsistent between organs (having a positive effect for the liver and a negative effect for the spleen)

Front 82

APPEARANCE OF THE CANINE MENINGES IN SUBTRACTION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES

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• Dynamic subtraction MR imaging should be considered for inclusion in clinical brain MR protocols because of the possibility that its use may increase sensitivity for lesions affecting the meninges.

Front 83

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MENINGOENCEPHALITIS SECONDARY TO SUPPURATIVE RHINITIS AND MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE INFECTION IN A DOG

Back 83

• Nasal encephaloceles (meningoceles or meningoencephaloceles) are rare and not reported to be infected or coupled with a facial deformity in dogs. This report describes an older dog with acute worsening of seizures due to suppurative meningoencephalitis with coexisting suppurative rhinitis and infection of a meningoencephalocele. Additionally, the dog had a facial deformity for at least 5 years.

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USE OF THE T2∗-WEIGHTED GRADIENT RECALLED ECHO SEQUENCE FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE AND FELINE BRAIN

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• T2∗-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to help improve detection of intracranial hemorrhage and is widely used in human neuroimaging.
• Pseudolesions were seen on T2∗-weighted images in five cases, none of which were associated with susceptibility artifact. Abnormalities were seen on T2/FLAIR images that were not seen on T2∗-weighted images in 35 cases, confirming that T2∗ does not replace standard spin echo sequences.

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A PROPOSED RADIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR CONGENITAL THORACIC VERTEBRAL MALFORMATIONS IN BRACHYCEPHALIC “SCREW-TAILED” DOG BREEDS

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• Congenital vertebral malformations affected 85/362 (23.5%) of thoracic vertebrae. Vertebral body formation defects were the most common (butterfly vertebrae 6.6%, ventral wedge-shaped vertebrae 5.5%, dorsal hemivertebrae 0.8%, and dorso-lateral hemivertebrae 0.5%). No lateral hemivertebrae or lateral wedge-shaped vertebrae were identified. The T7 vertebra was the most commonly affected (11/28 dogs), followed by T8 (8/28 dogs) and T12 (8/28 dogs).
• The first classification category includes failure of vertebral segmentation, in which portions of adjacent vertebral elements fail to divide (block vertebra or bars). The second category consists of failure of vertebral formation, in which a portion of a vertebral element is deficient (hemivertebra, wedge shape vertebra or butterfly vertebra).