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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pronation of the radioulnar joint occurs in: a.Multiple planes. b)The frontal plane. c)The sagittal plane. d)The transverse plane. |
transverse plane |
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Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of utilizing field tests to predict VO2max?a)More personnel may be required depending on the size of the group. b)Outdoor testing is limited by environmental conditions. c)They are dependent on client effort. d)Some field tests may require advanced motor skills to complete |
They are dependent on client effort. Explanation:Field tests can be more subjective in nature, largely because of the dependency on client effort, and therefore are not as reliable as laboratory tests for assessing CRF. |
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Which of the following joints favors mobility over stability?a)Knee b)Glenohumeral c)Ankle d)Thoracic spine |
Glenohumeral Explanation:The shoulder has a high degree of mobility; as a result, the shoulder region is very unstable |
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Which of the following guidelines are indicated for pregnant women who have been medically cleared for exercise?a)Walk daily using a rate of perceived exertion of "fairly light." b)Exercise most days of the week at an intensity of 75% of maximal heart rate. c)Exercise most days of the week at an intensity of 75% of VO2max. d)Exercise at moderate intensity for at least 150 minutes weekly. |
Exercise at moderate intensity for at least 150 minutes weekly. Explanation:If exercise is not contraindicated, pregnant women can follow the ACSM and Surgeon General’s recommendations to accumulate a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise weekly |
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Impaired glucose tolerance is consistent with which of the following?a)Dyslipidemia b)Type 1 diabetes c)Type 2 diabetes d)Prediabetes |
Prediabetes Explanation:Impaired glucose tolerance is a condition of prediabetes where blood glucose is elevated between 100 and 125 mg · dL−1following an oral glucose tolerance test on two separate occasions |
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Given the following complete health and medical history, which client has one risk factor?a)A physically active 55-year-old female b)A 46-year-old male with cholesterol of 208 mg · dL−1 who desires to begin training for his first marathonc)A 32-year-old male with family history of heart disease and prediabetes d)A 21-year-old female who has slight scoliosis with tightness on left hip abductors |
A |
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You observe an exaggerated outward curve of the thoracic spine. This postural deviation is known as:a)Lordosis. b)Sway back. c)Kyphosis. d)Flat back. (p. 273 ) |
The thoracic spine has a natural kyphotic curve. A postural deviation here is technically known as "hyperkyphosis |
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Movement toward the midline in the transverse plane describes which term?a)Adduction b)Horizontal abduction c)Abduction d)Horizontal adduction |
Horizontal adduction Explanation:Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane is usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90°. Reference:American College of Sports Medicine ACSM’s Resources for the Exercise Physiologist, p. 125. |
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Which of the following should be avoided in hypertensive clients?a)Eccentric muscle contractions b)Isometric muscle contractions c)Isokinetic muscle contractions d)Concentric muscle contractions |
isometric muscle contractions Explanation:Clients with hypertension should primarily engage in aerobic endurance activities. They should avoid activities that emphasize isometric muscle actions as these may result in hypertensive responses |
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eccentric definition |
lengthening of the muscle |
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isometric definition |
exercise or isometrics are a type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction (compared to concentric or eccentric contractions, called dynamic/isotonic movements). |
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isokinetic definition |
muscle contraction is one in which the muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed. This type ofmuscle contraction usually requires special, expensive training equipment that increases the load as it senses that the muscle contraction is speeding up. |
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concentric definition |
occurs when the muscle shortens |
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To obtain the health benefits of aerobic exercise, individuals should accumulate at LEAST: |
75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity exercise.CorrectExplanation:For substantial health benefits, individuals should accrue at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity exercise |
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An assumption of risk, also known as |
an informed consent, is a document that explains the risks of participation in physical activity and indicates that the participant acknowledges the inherent risks involved |
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There is also an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury associated with exercise. The most common musculoskeletal injuries, regardless of gender, occur where? |
occur in the lower body, particularly at the knee or foot |
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"Superior" is a basic descriptive term used to describe |
he position of a body part that is above another body part or refers to an upper surface of an organ or structure. In this instance, the levator scapulae is located above the latissimus dorsi |
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A posterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar ________ and an anterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar ________. |
Flexion; extension |
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When performing pulse palpation during and after exercise, the BEST location to utilize is the: |
Radial pulse.(wrist) Explanation:If the pulse palpation technique is to be used during and after exercise to assess HR, palpation of the radial artery may be a superior choice to the carotid artery because of the possibility of activating the carotid baroreceptors and inducing a reduction in HR, SV, TPR, and MAP. |
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For individuals younger than 30 years of age, the most common cause/s of sudden cardiac death is/are: |
congenital and hereditary abnormalities |
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During pregnancy, resistance and flexibility exercises in the supine position should be avoided to prevent which of the following? |
Orthostatic hypotension Explanation:The supine position may obstruct venous blood flow return to the heart and may result in orthostatic hypotension, which may lead to lightheadedness and fainting. is a form of low blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down. |
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Per the latest ACSM position stand, the MINIMUM threshold of frequency for aerobic exercise is |
Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise should be done at least 5 days per week or vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise done at least 3 days per week or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise done at least 3 days per week. |
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fick equation |
Stroke volume, heart rate, and a-VO2 differenceExplanation:The Fick equation demonstrates that VO2max is dictated by maximal cardiac output (SVmax × HRmax) and maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference |
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Ankle edema may be indicative of which of the following |
Congestive heart failureExplanation:Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the veins of the lower leg cannot pump enough blood back to the heart |
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What type of blood pressure response to acute exercise is seen in children that is different when compared with adults? |
SBP decreases and DBP decreases. Explanation:The physiological response to acute exercise in children is comparable to that in their adult counterparts. An exception here is SBP decreases (usually increases with adults) and DBP decreases (usually no change or slight increase) |
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Concentric contraction of the triceps brachii muscle causes ____________ in the _____________plane. |
Extension; sagittal |
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risk factors: age |
men 45 or older women 55 or older |
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risk factor |
myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or sudden death before 55 in father or 1st degree male relative or before 65 years of age in mother or first degree female relative |
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risk factor: smoking |
s |
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You discover the following information about Rosalyn, your new 54-year-old female client:BMI = 24.3 (68 inches, 160 lbs)Total cholesterol: 190 mg · dL−1HDL cholesterol: 62 mg · dL−1Blood pressure: 128/84 mm Hg with antihypertensive medicationFormer smoker: quit 2 months agoFamily history: Father diagnosed with coronary heart disease at age 54Walks to work 8 minutes each way how many risk factors? |
-1 for HDL +1 for BP meds +1 for smoking +1 for sedentary |
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Syncope is defined as |
temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure |
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How many ATP molecules are produced when glycogen is broken down into pyruvate? |
dont know |
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which one of the following is designed to modify blood cholesterol levels? 1.Nitrates 2. beta blockers 3. antihyperlipidemics 4. aspirin |
*antihyperlipidemics: control blood lipids, especially cholesterol and LDL 1. are antianginals, used to decrease pain associated with angina pectoris 2. beta blockers are used to decrease blood pressure, by inhibiting the action of adrenergic neurotransmitters at the beta receptors, thereby decreasing Q (cardiac output) 4. used to control how blood platelets stick together (thins blood) |
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what represents 90% of the fat stored in the body and is composed of a glycerol molecule connected to 3 fatty acids
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* triglyceride: 1 glycerol molecule connected to 3 fatty acid molecules fatty acids are identified by the amount of saturation ( single or double bonds) that are linked to carbon atoms. saturated fatty acids have single bonds. monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond polyunsaturated have two or more double bonds |
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limited flexibility in which of the following muscle groups increases the risk of low back pain? quads hamstrings hip flexors biceps femoris |
hamstrings: activities that will enhance or maintain musculoskeletal flexibility should be included as part of a comprehensive preventative exercise program
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the horizontal plane passing through the midsection of the body and dividing it into upper and lower portions
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transverse
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what BP is characterized as hypertension in adults
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140/90 and above 140 systolic OR 90 diastolic, as measured on two separate occasions
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to promote weight loss, cardiovascular endurance exercise should be performed how often:
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at least 30-60 mins, totaling 150-300 mins a week at moderate intensity (40-60% of max HR)
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for adults with arthritis what are 6 principles of exercise
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- progression in duration of activity should be emphasized over increased intensity -physical activity should be completed at the same time every day. -avoid all joint movement during periods of acute flares and inflammation - water exercises may help alleviate pain and stiffness -vigorous, highly repetitive exercises should be avoided -people with arthritis may be anemic due to regular use of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs causing gastrointestinal bleeding. -for those with RA, morning exercises should be avoided -arthritis means "joint inflammation" |
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uncoordinated gait, headache, dizziness, vomiting and elevated body temp are signs of
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heat stroke and heat exhaustion: a combination of the metabolic heat generated from exercise accompanied by dehydration and electrolyte loss from sweating. exercise must be stopped. person should be placed supine with feet up and cooled down by any means possible.
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regular exercise will result in what chronic adaptation in cardiac output (Q) during exercise at the same workload?
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no change. Q does not change because the person is performing the same workload, thus the response of Q is the same
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what condition is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density
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osteoporosis: producing bone porosity and fragility
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borg scale (6-20) for the general public, moderate intensity should be maintained between what
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12 and 16
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rotation of the anterior surface of a bone toward the midline of the body is called
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medial rotation
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Q can be calculated how?
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multiplying HR and stroke volume. during dynamic exercise Q increases with increasing exercise intensity. Stroke volume will only increase at approximately 40-50% of VO2max. about 50%, Q only increase by increased HR
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a source of intimal injury thought to initiate the process of atherogenesis is
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Initial causes of CAD are thought to be an irritation of or an injury to the tunica intima (innermost layer of the wall) of the blood vessel. source of the initial injury are thought to be: dyslipidemia hypertension turbulence of blood flow within the vessel immune responses smoking vasoconstrictor substances |
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1.what could be an alternative to the contraindicated plough exercise 2. alternative to full squat 3. alternative to full neck rolls 4. flexion with what is considered a contraindication and high-risk |
1.double knees to chest. 2. squat to 90 degrees 3. lateral neck stretch 4. rotation |
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what are some psychological benefits of exercise for elderly
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-increased self-concept -life satisfaction -self-efficacy -reduced psychological stress -increased appetite is not (not psychological) |
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when training children
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-increasing the rate of training intensity more than approximately 10% per week increases the likelihood of overuse injuries of bone -exercise programs should increase physical fitness in the short term and long term -strength training in youth carries no greater risk of injury than comparable strength training programs in adults if done properly -children should partake in SEVERAL BOUTS of PA lasting 15 mins or more each day. -Active play over exercise should be encouraged. -exposing children to a wide variety (different modes) of PA is suggested to enhance adherence -if a child cannot perform 8 reps with good form, the weight is too heavy. -1RM should be performed with children - children should perform 8-15 reps -do not focus on the resistance as much as participation and form |
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which components of the exercise prescription work inversely with each other?
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intensity and duration should be considered together and are inversely related. similar improvements may be seen if an individual works longer at a lower intensity or shorter at a higher intensity.
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plyometrics
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-not encouraged for older individuals due to joint issues, as well as decreased flexibility and balance. -high risk of acute musculoskeletal injury - a method of strength and power training that involves an eccentric loading of muscles and tendons followed immediately by an explosive concentric contraction -most studies have shown no significant difference in power when comparing plyo with with HIIT |
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FITT principles: how many reps should an elderly individual perform on each resistance exercise
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6-8 research shows that one set is all that is necessary to adequately strengthen in the elderly population. muscular endurance is more important in this population than strength or power. higher reps are performed. |
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which of the follow resistance exercise would strengthen both the biceps and latissimus dorsi?
deadlift back extension chin up upright row pushups crunches pec deck flyes |
chin-ups: biceps, latissimus dorsi and rhomboids deadlifts: only lats, hams, glutes back extension: low back, glutes and hamstrings upright row: biceps, deltoids, traps Push- ups: chest and triceps crunches: abs and hip flexors pec flyes: chest |
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at 6 MET intensity, an individual who has a 10 met max capacity fitness level would be at what intensity classification?
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moderate 40-60%
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equation for HRR (karvonen equation)
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look up
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what are the three training principles that you need to consider when prescribing exercise for individuals
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Overload, Specificity, Progression
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
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PNF is a stretching technique that combines the use of isometric contractions with passive static stretching. requires the use of a partner takes more time that other stretching methods |
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SBP is an indicator of what?
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Q, the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1min. Q normally increases as workload increases thus, SBP should increase with an increased workload. if they are not increasing with exercise that is an indicator of an abnormal response. |
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most sedentary who begin an exercise program are likely to quit in what time frame
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3-6 months
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exercise testing in older adults is done:
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- to evaluate progress -exercise prescription -motivation -education |
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1.reinforcement 2. positive consequences 3. intrinsic rewards 4. extrinsic (external) |
1. the positive or negative consequences for performing or not performing a behavior 2. rewards that motivate behavior. can include both intrinsic or extrinsic 3. benefits gained because of the rewarding nature of the activity (being stronger) 4. external rewards received from others including encouragement, praise or material reinforcement |
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to SUSTAIN weight loss in adulthood they should participate in at least _____min of daily moderate intensity PA, while not exceeding caloric intake requirements
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60-90 mins daily to sustain 60 to manage body weight and prevent gains 30 mins daily to reduce risk of chronic disease |
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an important safety consideration for exercise equipment in a fitness center includes
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flexibility of equipment to allow for different body sizes. facilities are required to meet the standard of care for exercise safety. equipment must have correct anatomic positioning, ability to adjust to different body types, quality design, and materials, durability, repair records and price |
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what is the purpose of agreements, releases and consent forms
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to inform the client of participation risks, as well as the as the rights of the client and the facility. should clearly describe! must be signed meaning they are accepting some responsibility. informed consent provides an explanation of the test to the client |
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after 30 yrs of age, what happens to skeletal muscle
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-muscle strength begins to decline, due to a loss of muscle mass caused by a loss of muscle fibers. -However, muscle fiber lose is NOT linear, with most decline happening after 50. -by 80 the strength loss is usually at 30-40% because of lose of muscle fibers and atrophy of remaining fibers |
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what are the 3 most common tests for muscular endurance
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- bench press: weight lifted in cadence with a timing device. scored by the number done in cadence and proper form -push up: on knees for women. as many as can be done without pausing - curl up (abdominal crunch) in cadence of 25 per minute or as many as can be done in 1 min |
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overuse injury
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usually caused from cardiovascular exercise that intensity, duration and frequency are increased to quickly
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ACSM recommends that exercise intensity be prescribed within what percentage of HRmax range
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60-90% ACSM recommends intensity be between 64%-70% and 94% of HRmax or between 40-50% and 85% of O2 uptake (VO2maxR) -those at lower fitness levels will see improvements at lower intensities. age, fitness level, medications, overall health, and individual goals should all be considered when deciding exercise intensity. |
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ACSM recommends how many reps for muscular endurance and strength?
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8-12
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-what is the definition of progressive overload: -what are some examples of how to progressively overload the muscular system via resistance training |
- a principle of training that states that the stress on the musculoskeletal system needs to progressively increase in order to keep producing greater force. -increase amount of resistance lifted. -perform more sets per muscle group -increase days per week the muscle groups are trained |
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what is the recommended rest interval between sets of resistance training exercises?
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2-3mins, allows
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for novice trainees, how many sets of each resistance exercise are needed to improve muscular strength? |
1. the baseline weight training fitness level of a unexperienced trainee is quite minimal. therefore and in the beginning of a training program one set is enough to fatigue the muscolskeletal system |
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exercise adherence is increase when what? |
-both situational and personal factors -social and health care provider support -regular schedule of exercise is established -muscle soreness or injury is minimal -individual, attainable goals at IDed |
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with chronic exercise what is the result of Q at rest |
no change. stroke volume increases at rest as a result of increased time for ventricular filling and an increased myocardial contractility. little to no change occurs to Q at rest because the decline in HR is compensated for by the increase in stroke volume |
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-kyphosis -lordosis -MS -Osgood-schlatters disease -chondrosis |
-posterior thoracic curvature -anterior thoracic curvature -chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease -inflammation of the growth plate in the tibial tuberosity -softening of the articular cartilage |
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fitness assessment. ID the recommended order of administration |
-resting values (HR, BP, O2), and flexibility, body comp., cardio fitness, muscular strength, . some body composition tests are sensitive to hydration and some cardio and muscular fitness tests dehydrate. nonfatiguing tests should be performed first followed by tests that stress the phosphagen system (shorter recovery) followed by tests that stress the other energy systems. |
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what is the best way to improve aerobic fitness
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large muscle group activity performed in rhythmic fashion over prolonged periods facilitates the greatest improvements. think cardio. not weight lifting. to do aerobic or anaerobic should be determined by the specificity and goals of the individual. |
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in a commercial setting clients should be more or less extensively screened for potential health risks?
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more extensively screened. at minimum, a personal medical history should be taken. additionally, present medical status should be examined/questioned regarding the use of medication
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generally, low-fit or sedentary persons may benefit from:
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shorter duration, lower intensity, and higher frequency of exercise. the number of times per day or per week that a person exercises is interrelated with both the intensity and the duration of activity. low-fit individuals may benefit from multiple short-duration, low- intensity exercise sessions per day. |
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strategic plan
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addresses strategic decisions of the organization in defining short and long term goals and serves as the overarching planning tool. HF programs, financial plans, risk management, and marketing plans only address subsegments with the overall strategic plan |
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layers of skeletal muscle
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-skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibers called MUSCLE FASCiCLES (fasciculus). -each fasciculus contains muscle cells. -within the muscle cell are cylinders called myofibrils: responsible for muscle contractions. 0miyofibrils have the ability to contract because they have myofilaments that have contractile proteins, actin and myosin. actin: a thin filament that is twisted into a strand myosin: thick filament that has a tail and a head during activation of muscle, actin and myosin interact causing cross bridging between the two filaments. the myosin pulls actin which shortens the muscle and causes tension. |
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through which valve in the heart does blood flow when moving from the right atrium to the right ventricle (RV)
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tricuspid valve
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blood from the peripheral anatomy flows to the heart through what:
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superiors and inferior venae cavae into the right atrium. from the right atrum the blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries and then to the lungs to be oxygenated. |
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how to improve stability when doing movement
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-lower center of gravity -increase the size of the base of support -move the center of gravity closer to the center of the base of support |
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durin aerobic exercise what response to blood pressure is not normal
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-increased DBP. due to vasodilation associated with exercise induced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, DBP remains unchanged or even slightly decrease during exercise. -SBP will increase -pulse pressure will increase -mean arterial pressure will increase |
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