Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Inverse square law
|
propagated sound wave decreases 6 dB in amplitude (intensity) every doubling of distance
|
|
White noise
|
infinite # of frequencies make it up and all have the same average amplitudes
|
|
When can pressure amplitudes be added?
|
when they have the same frequency and starting phase
|
|
When can intensity amplitudes be added?
|
always
|
|
|
|
|
Random Noise
|
IDK but I think it could be on the test.
|
|
Phoneme
|
standard segmental unit
|
|
Allophone
|
subtle variation of the standard
|
|
Syllable
|
next largest unit after phoneme, consonant and vowel (nucleus) (250 msec average duration
|
|
Average Rate of speech
|
2-5 syllables per second
|
|
Distinctive feature theory-
|
way to compare and contrast between many different kinds of languages (ex degree of sonorites, attempt to blend production and perception)
|
|
3 types of sound sources
1. Voiced sounds |
any sounds produced by opening and closing of vocal folds, periodic puffs of air (glottal pulses 120 for men, 200 for women, higher pulse rate=higher pitch)
|
|
3 types of sound sources
2. turbulent sounds |
noisy sources, sound through a small constriction (fricatives)
|
|
3 types of sound sources
3. transient source |
sudden burst, any time constriction is complete then released (plosives, stops), build up of sound behind a constriction
|
|
Pressure
|
force applied to an area
newtons/m^2 dynes/cm^2 pascal |
|
Intensity
|
watts/m^2
watts/cm^2 |
|
Wavelength
|
distance traveled to complete one compression (cycle)
λ=c/f c= speed of sound in a given medium f= as freq increases, wavelength decreases -inversely related -high freq= short wavelength -low freq= long wavelength |
|
Diffraction
|
bending of sounds
-depends on wavelength and size of object in the path |
|
3 types of sound fields
1. Free field |
sound freely propagated (anechoic chamber is closest simulation of this)
|
|
3 types of sound fields
2. reverberant field |
lots of reflected sound, very live acoustic field
|
|
Types of sound field
3. diffuse field |
equal sound pressure everywhere in the room- like a frye box
|
|
Sinusoid
|
graph of a cyclical intensity, any measure of amplitude, has its own unique frequency, pure tone
*phase determines how different sinusoids add up |
|
Instantaneous amp
|
amp at an instant in time
|
|
rms
|
root mean square, most common amplitude used
*square instantaneous amp, take mean of square values and then square root it *on a sinusoid rms = .707x peak |
|
Waveform
|
amplitude/time- can be used to describe any sound
|
|
white noise
|
infinite # of frequencies at the same average amplitude
|
|
time domain
|
waveform
|
|
frequency domain
|
amplitude spectrum
|
|
Periodic sounds
|
have discrete vertical lines on the amplitude spectrum, cyclical, repeats exactly
|
|
Aperiodic
|
Doesn't repeat, noise in real life is aperiodic, so are clicks, not made up of vertical lines on the amplitude spectrum
|
|
non-linear
|
introduces new frequencies
|
|
linear
|
input-> same frequency, can be different amplitude and phase.
|
|
octave
|
doubling of any frequency
|
|
half octave formula
|
freq X 2 ^1/2
|
|
low pass filter
|
passes low frequency,
|
|
Lab filters
|
can control the cutoff frequency, cannot control the attenuation rate. The only way to control the attenuation rate is by using more than 1 filter.
|
|
resonance
|
things vibrate at a specific frequency most easily
|
|
Resonant filter
|
found in nature, can amplify. Stimulus with input and respond with greater amplitude
|
|
smaller the cavity of air...
|
the higher the pitch
|
|
1. If make length of vocal tract longer, formants all go down
|
* inversely related
*Length of infants track 1/2 length, the formants are doubled * women are 5/6 as long as adult male= formants go up 6/5 |
|
2. location of constriction + degree constriction
|
oral constriction/f1 rule- when constriction is up front, f1 goes lower (greater the degree, the lower it goes) (heed, hid, head)
Pharyngeal Constriction/f1 rule= back in vocal tract (area of pharynx constriction), then f1 goes higher (who, add) Back tongue constriction/ f2 rule= f2 will go down when constriction is in the back of tract Front tongue constriction/f2 rule= if constrict at front, f2 will go up |
|
Formant frequencies affects on vowels
|
1. length of vocal tract
2. localization of constriction (tongue) 3. degree of constriction (narrow) |
|
3. lip rounding rule
|
all formants go down when you round the lips
|
|
source filter theory
|
how to predict with a spectrum is going to look like at the output
|
|
Specificity
|
relative measure of how wide a curve is on a bandwidth filter
|
|
bandwidth
|
-3 dB from the top (Hilary's notes?)
how wide a band pass filter is between its upper and lower cutoff frequencies. Band pass filters are also often discussed in terms of their center frequencies |
|
reverberation time
|
time it takes to attenuate sound by 60 dB
|
|
intermodulation
|
summation and difference tones, occurs in non-linear system
|
|
dipthong
|
begins with a vowel and transitions to a different vowel
|
|
diffuse
|
equal pressure in the room, like a frye box
|
|
if a signal is brief in time...
|
it is broad in the frequency domain
|