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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the normal pH range? |
7.35-7.45 |
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why must pH be tightly controlled? |
- enzymes denature - nerve/muscle activity weakens - metabolic activity breaks down |
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how is H+ removed from the blood? |
- H+ excreted by kidney - H+ converted back into H2O via carbonic anhydrase (and CO2 blown off) |
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what is the anion gap useful for? |
metabolic acidosis |
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what does a metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap indicate? |
that the bicarb has decreased and is being compensated for through Cl-, ie. in renal dysfunction or diarrhoea |
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what does a metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap indicate? |
that the bicarb and Cl- are being used up due to exogenous ingestion of acid or increased endogenous production of acid |
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how much do you expect the Pa02 to be compared to inspired 02? |
10kPa less |
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what is type 1 resp failure? |
hypoxia without hypercapnia |
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what is type 2 resp failure |
hypoxia with hypercapnia |
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what are causes of type 1 resp failure |
- still has functioning lung tissue and ventilation = pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, acute asthma, |
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what makes an acidosis/alkalosis metabolic/respiratory? |
- if caused by HCO3 = metabolic - if cause by C02 = respiratory |
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how does acidosis/alkolosis affect K+ levels? |
- acidosis = high K+ (as in DKA) - alkolosis = low K+ |
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what are causes of metabolic acidosis? |
- increased H+ production (eg DKA) - acid ingestion - reduced H+ renal excretion - loss of HC03 (diarrhoea) |
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what are causes of metabolic alkolosis? |
- loss of H+ (vomiting) - loss of volume - diuretics - renal failure = poor excretion of HC03 - alkaline ingestion - hypokalaemia - hyperaldesteronism (increased H+/K+ excretion) |
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what causes respiratory alkolosis? |
decrease in C02 due to hyperventilation from - hypoxia - central stimulation - anxiety/voluntary |
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what causes resp acidosis? |
increase in C02 due to - lung disease eg asthma/PE/fibrosis - mechanical eg effusion/trauma - neurological eg CNS depression/myasthenia gravis |