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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anterior
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Toward the front
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Posterior (dorsal)
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Toward the back
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Superior
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Toward the head
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Inferior
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Away from the head
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body
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Proximal
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Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
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Distal
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Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the boy
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Superficial
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External; located close to or on the body surface
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Deep
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Internal; located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures
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Cervical
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Regional term referring to the neck
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Thoracic
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Regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also known as the chest (thorax)
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Lumbar
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Regional term referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis
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Plantar
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The sole or bottom of the feet
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Dorsal
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The top surface of the feet and hands
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Palmar
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The anterior or ventral surface of the hands
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Sagittal Plane
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A longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections
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Frontal Plane
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A longitudinal (imaginary) section that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane.
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Transverse Plane
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Also known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections
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arthro
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joint
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arthritis
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inflammation in a joint
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bi
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two
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biceps
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two-headed muscle
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brachium
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arm
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brachialis
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muscle of the arm
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cardio
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heart
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cardiology
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the study of the heart
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cephalo
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head
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cephalic
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pertaining to the head
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chondro
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cartilage
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chondroectomy
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excision of a cartilage
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costo
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rib
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costochondral
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pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
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dermo
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skin
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dermatitis
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inflammation of the skin
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hemo, hemat
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blood
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costo
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rib
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hemorrhage
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internal or external bleeding
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costochondral
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pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
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dermo
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skin
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ilio
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ilium
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dermatitis
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inflammation of the skin
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ilium
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the wide, upper part of the pelvic bone
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hemo, hemat
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blood
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myo
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muscle
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hemorrhage
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internal or external bleeding
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myositis
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inflammation of a muscle
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ilio
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ilium
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ilium
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the wide, upper part of the pelvic bone
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myo
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muscle
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myositis
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inflammation of a muscle
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os, osteo
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bone
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osteomalacia
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softening of the bone
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pulmo
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lung
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pulmonary artery
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vessel that brings blood to the lungs
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thoraco
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chest
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thorax
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chest
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tri
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three
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triceps
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three-headed muscle
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anatomical position
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standing erect with the feet and palms facing forward
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connective tissues
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The tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. Ligaments and tendons are connective tissues.
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epithelial tissue
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Tissue that covers the surface the body and lines the body cavities, ducts,and vessels.
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digestion
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The process of breaking down food into small enough units for absorption.
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absorption
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The uptake of nutrients across a tissue or membrane by the gastrointestinal tract.
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esophagus
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The food pipe, the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
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arteries
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A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities.
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capillaries
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The smallest blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues, and the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. They connect the arterial and venous systems.
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veins
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Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs and the extremities.
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plasma
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The liquid portion of the blood
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hormones
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A chemical substance produced and released by an endocrine gland and transported through the blood to a target organ.
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carbohydrates
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The body's preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.
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amino acids
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Nitrogen-containing compounds that are the building blocks of proteins.
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lipids
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The name for fats used in the body and the bloodstream.
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ions
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A single atom or small molecule containing a net positive or negative charge due to an excess of either protons (positive) or electrons (negative).
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platelets
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One of the disc-shaped components of the blood; involved in clotting.
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arterioles
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Small-diameter blood vessels that extend and branch out from an artery and lead to capillaries; the primary site of vascular resistance.
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venules
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Smaller divisions of veins.
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aorta
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The major artery of the cardiovascular system; arises from the left ventricle of the heart.
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Arteriosclerosis
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A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity.
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interstitial fluid
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Fluid between the cells or body parts.
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ventricles
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The two lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles).
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atrium
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The two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atrium).
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pulmonary circuit
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The circulation of vessels of the lungs; involved in the circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
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systemic circuit
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The circulatory vessels of the body.
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cardiac cycle
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The period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat; the systolic and diastolic phases and the interval in between.
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systole
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The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
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diastole
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The period of filling of the heart between contractions; resting phase of the heart.
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pharynx
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The muscular, membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus.
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larynx
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The organ of the voice; located between the trachea and the base of the tongue.
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trachea
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The cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi; windpipe.
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bronchi
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The two large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs.
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Alveoli
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Spherical extensions of the respiratory bronchioles and the primary sites of gas exchange with the blood.
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Bronchioles
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The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.
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Mediastinum
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The portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
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Inspiration
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The drawing of air into the lungs; inhalation.
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Thorax
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The portion of the trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.
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Expiration
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The act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
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A long hollow tube from mouth to anus where digestion and absorption occur.
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The six basic processes that the digestion system carries out:
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1. Ingestion of food into the mouth.
2. Movement of food along the digestive tract. 3. Mechanical preparation of food for digestion. 4. Chemical digestion of food. 5. Absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. 6. Elimination of indigestible substances and waste products from the body by defecation. |
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Chemical digestion
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A form of digestion that involves the addition of enzymes that break down nutrients.
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lymphatic systems
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A network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries, and lymph vessels that produces and transports lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system.
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What are the four important functions of the lymphatic system?
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1. Destruction of bacteria and other foreign substances that are present in lymph nodes.
2. Specific immune responses that aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria and foreign substances. 3. The return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. 4. Prevention of excessive accumulation of tissues fluid and filtered proteins by drainage into highly permeable lymphatic capillaries in the connective tissues. |
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anus
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The end point of the gastrointestinal tract through which semisolid waste is passed from the body.
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epiglottis
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The cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it during the act of swallowing.
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bolus
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A food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive tract.
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peristalsis
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The process by which muscles in the esophagus and intestines push food through the gastrointestinal tract in a wave-like motion.
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cardiac sphincter
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Sits at the upper portion of the stomach; prevents food and stomach acid from splashing back into the esophagus from the stomach; also called the esophageal sphincter.
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chyme
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The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
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pyloric sphincter
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Separates the stomach from the small intestines.
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vitamins
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An organic micronutrient that is essential for normal physiologic function.
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minerals
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Inorganic substances needed in the diet in small amounts to help regulated bodily functions.
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duodenum
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The top portion of the small intestine
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jejunum
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One of three segments of the small intestine.
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ileum
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One of three sections of the small intestine.
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bile
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A greenish-yellow or brownish emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine.
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villi
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Finger-like projections from the folds of the small intestines.
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microvilli
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Tiny hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells for absorption.
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colon
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The lower portion of the large intestine, the primary function of which is to absorb water; its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the sigmoid colon.
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glucose
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A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body's principle energy source.
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hemopoiesis
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The formation of blood cells.
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electrolytes
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A mineral that exists as a charged ion in the body and that is extremely important for normal cellular function.
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articulations
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a joint
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cortical bone
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Compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and the vertebral endplates.
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trabecular bone
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Spongy or cancellous bone composed of thin plates that form a honeycomb pattern; predominately found in the ends of long bonds and the vertebral bodies.
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tendon
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A band of fibrous tissues forming the termination of a muscle and attaching the muscle to a bone.
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osteoporosis
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A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases.
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diaphysis
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The shaft of a long bone.
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proximal
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Nearest to the midline of the body or point of origin of a muscle
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distal
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Farthest from the midline of the body, or from the point of origin of a muscle
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epiphysis
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The end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft (plural: epiphyses).
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endosteum
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A soft tissues lining the internal surface of the diaphysis on a long bone
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epiphyseal cartilage
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Cartilaginous layer between the head and shaft of a long bone where bone growth occurs. Also caled a growth plate.
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periostenum
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A double-layered connective sheath surrounding the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone; serves to cover and nourish the bone.
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osteoblasts
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A bone-forming cell.
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osteoclasts
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A cell that reabsorbs or erodes bone mineral.
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Wolff's law
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A principle stating that bone is capable of increasing its strength in response to stress (e.g. exercise) by laying down more bone.
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central nervous system (CNS)
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The brain and spinal cord.
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ligaments
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A strong, fibrous tissue, that connects one bone to another.
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axis of rotation
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The imaginary line or joint about which an object, such as a joint, rotates.
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circumduction
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A biplanar movement involving the sequential combination of flexion, abduction; extension, and adduction.
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flexion
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The act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together.
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extension
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The act of straightening or extending a joint, usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb.
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abduction
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Movement away from the midline of the body.
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adduction
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Movement toward the midline the body
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pronation
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Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly.
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supination
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External rotation of the forearm (radioulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly.
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inversion
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Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward.
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eversion
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Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward.
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peripheral nervous systems (PNS)
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The parts of the nervous system that are outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
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ganglia
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A group of nerve cell bodies usually located in the peripheral nervous system.
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foramina
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Holes or openings in a bone or between body cavities.
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fasciae
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A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
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somatic nervous system
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Division of the peripheral nervous system that conducts signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (efferent signals) and signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles (afferent signals).
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autonomic nervous system
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The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions, including the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands. It has two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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sympathetic nervous system
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A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times and stress and arousal. Opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g. reduces digestive secretions, speeds the heart, contracts blood vessels).
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parasympathetic nervous system
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A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in regulating the routine functions of the body, such as heart beat, digestion, and sleeping. Opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. stimulates digestive secretions, sows the heart, constricts the pupils, dilates blood vessels).
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dendrites
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The portion of a nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell body; receptive portion of a nerve cell.
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axons
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A nerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body; efferent nerve fiber.
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synapse
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The region of communication between neurons.
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myelin
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The fatty insulation of nerve fibers that is important for the conduction of nerve impulses. These fibers are damaged in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
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neuromuscular junction
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The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber.
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proprioception
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Sensation and awareness of body position and movements.
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propriceptors
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Somatic sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin that gather information about body position and the direction and velocity of movement.
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Pacinian corpuscles
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A specialized bulblike mechanoreceptor located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin responsible for detecting pressure; occur abundantly in the skin of palms, soles, and joints.
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Meissner's corpuscles
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A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the superficial aspect of the skin responsible for detecting light touch; occur abundantly in the skin of the fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, and face.
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Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles
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A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression. Any weight bearing activity stimulates these receptors.
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Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
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A sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force.
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muscle spindle
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The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch.
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autogenic inhibition
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An automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ (GTO).
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antagonist
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The muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist (prime mover) muscle.
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reciprocal inhibition
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The reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the agonists are contracted.
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static stretching
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Holding a nonmoving (static) position to immobilize a joint in a position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length.
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dynamic stretching
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Type of stretching the involves taking the joints through their ranges of motion, while continuously moving. Often beneficial in warming up for a particular sport or activity that involves the same joint movements.
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agonist
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The muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the prime mover.
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vestibular system
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Part of the central nervous system that coordinates reflexes of the eyes, neck and body to maintain equilibrium in accordance with posture and movement of the head.
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origin
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The attachment site of a tendon of a muscle attached to the relatively more fixed or proximal bone.
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insertion
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The point of attachment of a muscle to a relatively more moveable or distal bone.
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prime mover
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A muscle responsible for a specific movement. Also called an agonist.
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fast-twitch muscle fibers
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One of several types of muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle tissue; characterized as having a low oxidative capacity but a high glycolytic capacity; recruited for rapid, powerful movements such as jumping, throwing, and sprinting, also called type II fibers.
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slow-twitch muscle fibers
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A muscle fiber type designed or use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low-intensity, longer-duration activities such as walking and swimming. Also called type I muscle fiber.
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type I muscle fibers
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Slow-twitch muscle fibers.
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mitochondria
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The "power plant" of the cells where aerobic metabolism occurs.
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type II muscle fibers
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Fast-twitch muscle fibers.
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myoglobin
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A compound similar to hemoglobin, which aids in the storage and transport of oxygen in the muscle cells.
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epimysium
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A layer of connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle and is continuous with fascia and other connective tissues wrappings of muscle, including the endomysium and perimysium.
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perimysium
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A sheath of connective tissues that covers a bundle of muscle fibers.
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endomysium
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A layer of connective tissues that surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains capillaries, nerves, and lympatics.
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myofibrils
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The portion of the muscle containing the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) contractile filaments; a series of sarcomeres where the repeating pattern of the contractile proteins gives the striated appearance to skeletal muscle.
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myosin
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Thick contractile protein in a myofibril
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actin
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Thin contractile protein in a myofibril.
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sarcomeres
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The basic functional unit of the myofibril containing the contractile proteins that generate skeletal muscle movements.
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body.
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neurotransmitter
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A chemical substance such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmits nerve impulses across synapses.
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acetylcholine
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A white crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body.
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collagen
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The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
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tensile strength
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The amount of longitudinal pulling stress that a material (e.g. soft tissue) can withstand before being pulled apart.
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inextensibility
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The property of a tissue that makes it unable to be extended; tissues (e.g. ligaments) contribute to limiting the range of motion of a joint when they are inextensible.
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fascicles
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A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
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crimp
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The zigzag structure of collagen, which gradually straightens out when the tissue is subjected to high tensile forces.
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elastin
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A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue that has elastic properties.
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range of motion
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The number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move.
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posture
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The arrangement of the body and its limbs.
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depression
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1. The action of lowering a muscle or bone, or movement in an inferior or downward direction. 2. A condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.
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SITS
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A pneumonic device for naming the rotator cuff muscles; the supraspinatus, which abducts the arm; the infraspinatus and tres minor, which externally rotate the arm; and the subscapularis, which internally rotates the arm.
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subluxation
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An incomplete dislocation; through the relationship is altered, contact between joint surfaces remain.
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sciatica
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Pain radiating down the leg caused by compression of the sciatic nerve; frequently the result of lumbar disk herniation.
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dorsiflexion
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Movement of the foot up toward the shin.
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plantarflexion
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Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.
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vasopressin
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Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland during exercise; reduces urinary excretion of water and prevents dehydration.
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adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
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A hormone released by the pituitary gland that affects various important bodily functions; controls the secretion in the adrenal gland of hormones that influence the metabolism of carbohydrates, sodium, and potassium; also controls the rate at which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.
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estrogen
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Generic term of estrus-producing steroid compounds produced primarily in the ovaries; the female sex hormones.
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progesterone
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Female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that affects many aspects of female physiology, including menstrual cycles and pregnancy.
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testosterone
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In males, the steroid hormone produced in the testes; involved in growth and development of reproductive tissues, sperm, and secondary male sex characteristics.
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epinephrine (adrenaline)
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A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise; also called adrenaline.
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norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
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insulin
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A hormone released from the pancrease that allows cells to take up glucose.
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glycogen
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The chief carbohydrate storage material; formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle.
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glucagon
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A hormone released from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low; stimulates glucose release from the liver to increase blood glucose. Also releases free fatty acids from adipose tissue to be used as fuel.
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