Ace Security Module 1

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Policy Initiatives of ICAO

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Responsibility of the Aviation Security and Facilitation Policy Section

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Assistance to States by ICAO

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Available through the Implementation Support and Development (ISD) Program managed by the ISD-Security Section.
Long Term help is available through the ICAO Technical Co-Operation Bureau

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Resolution A33-1

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Montreal 2002
Declaration on Misuse of Civil Aircraft as Weapons of Destruction and other Terrorist Acts Involving Civil Aviation. Recommends uniformity in Security with an ICAO Aviation Security Plan of Action with audits. Program called ICAO Universal Security Audit Program (USAP).

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First Fatal

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1947
Romanians killed flight crew member

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MANPADS

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Manned Portable Air Defense Systems

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first hijacking of US flight

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1969
Arab diverting it to Syria

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Task force on the Deterrence of Air Piracy

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1969: 8 airliners hijacked to Cuba so the FAA created this which devolved a hijacker profile to be used with metal detectors. Other airlines followed suit.

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First hijacking of an Israel El Al aircraft

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Late 60s
3 Members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) diverted from Rome to Algiers with negotiations for 40 days. Everyone set free.

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PFLP

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1970 when they hijacked 3 out of planned 4 to the Jordan Desert

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Anti-Hijacking Act of 1971

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-Formal Federal Air Marshal Program
-Inspection of passengers, but not carry-on bags
-Title 14 CFR Part 107 Apt Sec.
-USA up to ICAO Standards
-Death of Life in Prison for hijacking to be reduced to 5 years if hijackers surrender themselves.

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Anti-Hijacking Act of 1974

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-Screening of Passengers and carry-on bags
-Responsibility of airlines

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1980s Terrorism

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-terrorism focused more on aviation,
-employees became perps,
-avia industry increased regs on access and credentialing

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Air India Flight 182

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1985 – Positive Passenger Bag Match (PPBM) and Checked Bag Screening
“Canada’s 9/11”

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TWA Flight 847

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1985 – Flight Crew Training and Grounded Aircraft
Captain Testrake pretended only 3 of 4 engines worked. Uli Derickson helped translate to set many women and children free.

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Rome and Vienne

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1985 – Airport Attacks

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Egypt Air 648

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1985 – Sky Marshals and Commandoes
Boeing 727 hijacked by 3 terrorists from Greece to Cairo. Egyptian Air Marshals began a shootout. Flight landed in Malta where women were released and began shooting jewish passengers followed by USA passengers. 10 hrs later, stormed by Egyptian troops who shot 56 out of 88 remaining passengers.

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Air Lanka

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1986 – Need for employee background
separatist movement

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Pan Am Hijacking

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1986
Ensure good Ramp Security and Aircraft Access
Intent to blow up plane over Jerusalem.
Terrorists dressed as airport security guards boarded and killed 22 out of 379. Pilots left through escape ropes to keep acft. Intent to blow up plane over Jerusalem.

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El Al Attempted Bombing

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1986 – Passenger Profiling and asking questions
Five months pregnant lady attempted to board plane with explosives her husband had packed in (Syrian Intelligence Agent)

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PSA Flight 1771

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1987 – Employee Identification – partially responsible for expansion of Part 107.14 regarding Access Control and Employee Credentialing
Employees were not required to go through screening but now are. And immediate seizure of ID badges.

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Pan AM Flight 103

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1988
Resulted in findings of: (1) aviation system is seriously flawed (2) FAA is highly reactive (3) security lapses by Pan Am (4) stricter positive bag match would have deterred tragedy.

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Assistant Secretary for Transportation Security

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now: Associate Administrator for Aviation Security created after Pan Am Flight 103

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Avianca Flight 103 Bogota, Columbia

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1989 – Narco Terrorism
Must post warnings to USA citizens which airports do not meet ICAO standards

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Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990

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Created after PSA and Pan Am
1. Development of better explosive detection system
2. Created FAR Parts 107.14 Access Control (responsible for comprehensive system used today)
-Computerized access control systems which maintain a record of who has access, and where they accessed at, denies individuals, and distinguish access privileges.
-CCTV cameras installed at alarmed doors and security control centers constructed.
-Airport ID badges coded for access authority and need for access.

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1990s terrorism

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Air terrorism had virtually ceased to exist (a few exceptions)

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FedEx Flight 705

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1994 – Employee Hijack Attempt – Reinforces need to immediately revoke access privileges.

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Air France Flight 8969

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1994
Armed Islamic Group took over Air France in an attempt to hit the Eiffel Tower. Hijackers dressed as Algerian Police and helped check passports before takeoff. Took uniforms of cabin crew for further confusion and flew to Marseille. Stopped for fuel and were placed in a remote location on the airfield. Aircraft stormed by GIGN. Passengers fled out the rear exits.
*Proper credentialing even of LEO.

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The Manila Air Plot- Operation Bojoinka

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1994 – Proved inadequacy of current technology of metal detectors and X-Rays and need for flight crews to search acft after layovers and passenger change-outs.

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TWA Flight 800

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1996
Flight exploded shortly after takeoff, but never ruled terrorism. Could be malfunction in wiring, surface-to-air missile, etc.
Created the Gore Commission

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Gore Commission

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White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security created after TWA Flight 800
-ordered to study the issue of aviation security and enhance relationships between the FAA and aviation parties and report back on how to employ latest technology.

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Aviation Security and Anti-Terrorism Act of 1996

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Created from the Gore Commission
1.) Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening CAPPS
2.) EDS: at all Cat X airports. Used for passengers profiled under CAPPS.
3.) ETD: screen carry on bags at Cat X and Cat I airports.
4.) K-9 Explosive detection expansion at 50 largest apts.
5.) Access Investigation: fingerprint based CHRC for those with gaps in the 5 or 10 year employment history. airport could not advise future employer so employee could still potentially work in aviation.
6.) Mandatory aircraft searches for international flights
7.) Airport Consortium to discuss aviation security issues.
8.) Performance standards for screeners as well as the FAA addressing high turnover status of screeners. No significant changes to screening standards.
9.) Attacks on airlines are attacks on the country which later helped justify DOH and TSA.

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Millennium Bomber

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1999-
Ahmed Ressam attempted to smuggle VBIED through the Port of LA to LAX

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Airport Security Improvement Act of 2000

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1.) Focused on using EDS machines to max ability.
2.) Cat X and Cat I employees undergo CHRC.
3.) Reiterated 1996 legislation (cert of airline screeners, strengthen background checks, provide better access media.
FAA MUST:
4.)hold individuals directly accountable for noncompliance with access control requirements
5.) issue regs for airports to have security compliance program with rewards
6.) apts and airlines have comprehensive and recurrent training and teach employees role in apt security.

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Five Weaknesses in the aviation security system for 9/11

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1.) pre-screening process that focused on detecting aircraft bombers and not hijackers
2.) Sloppy checkpoint screening and allowing small knives
3.) Lack of in-flight security measures (air marshals and reinforced cock-pit doors)
4.) industry-wide strategy of dealing with hijackers in non-confrontational manner
5.)lack of protocols to initiate response to multiple hijackings.

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National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the US

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(9/11 Commission)

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Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001

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1.) Undersecretary for Transportation Security position
2.) FSD for every commercial airport
3.) FAM
4.) Apt Perimeter Security: screen all personnel and goods entering SA
5.) Federalized screening workforce
Undersecretary for Transportation Security position
6.) 100% screened bags by 12/2002
7.) Air Cargo: screen cargo aboard commercial flights
8.) Illegal to assault TSA
9.) Tech dev to detect or neutralize chemical or bio weapons
10.) $2.50 passenger fee
11.) 300 ft contingency to rule
12.) CHRC: ALL employees with unescorted access
13.) Reinforce cockpit doors
14.) Rules for GA charter or cargo >12,500lbs
15.) Passenger manifests 15 mins prior to departure
16.) Screening Partnership Program (SPP) “Opt-Out”
17.) Trusted Traveler
18.) Secure Flight
19.) Advance Passenger Information System (APIS)
20.) Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)
21.) Uniform ID System for LEO traveling w guns

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Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Ace of 2002 (SAFETY Act):

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legal liability protection for providers of qualified anti-terrorism technologies.

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Secure Flight

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CAPPS II required passengers to give large amounts of personal information to check against gov databases. Under SF, TSA checks Passenger Name Record (PNR) against Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

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Advance Passenger Information System

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(APIS): allows DHS to collect pass information for international flights.

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Homeland Security Presidential Directive-12 (HSPD-12)

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to unify govs. ID badge system through a new standard.

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LAX Gunman

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2002
proving that many officers are still ill-equipped to handle the situation.

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2006-2007

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Multiple attacks on Madrid, Spain airport.

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9/11 Commission Act

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2007- Mandated inspection of 100% all air cargo, and creation of Fusion Centers where intelligence focal points for HS info is.

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Department of Homeland Security

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Goals to prevent terrorist attack, reduce vulnerabilism to terrorists, and assist in recovery after attacks.

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TSA

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Created by ATSA

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Armed Security Officers Program

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provides armed security officers for use on GA flights arriving and departing Reagan

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Office of Training and Development

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regarding CBRNE.

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AFSD-LEO

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aside from FAM is one of the true law-enforcement agents
manage the Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO)

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FAM

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Covered under 1544 of Transportation Security Regulations.

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Screening Passengers by Observation Techniques (SPOT)

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TSOs trained to observe the physical and physiological reactions of criminals.

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Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP)

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screening employees who are already entering the Sterile or SAs. TSA dispatched to certain locations typically where employee is moving from a Security Area into a Sterile Area and conduct ID checks and wand.

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Airline Station Manager

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responsible for safe and secure travel of airline, and sole representative at airport for airline. Often has authority to make decisions on behalf of the airlines.

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Aircraft Operator Security Coordinator (AOSC)

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primary point of contact for TSA and responsible for airline’s compliance with fed regs. Many large hubs will have a specific AOSC. Similar to ASC for airports. Ultimately responsible for CHRC, but HR often makes sure CHRCs are done.

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In-Flight Security Coordinator

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the PIC who has final responsibility for the safety of flight.

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Aviation Security Advisory Committee (ASAC):

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many avia organizations join together who help influence aviation security policy