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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
information system
a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
data
raw facts, such as an employee number, number of hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.
information
a collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
process
a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.
knowledge
the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision.
system
a set of elements or components that interact to accomplish goals.
efficiency
a measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed.
effectiveness
a measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals; it can be computed by dividing the goals actually achieved by the total of the stated goals
system performance standard
a specific objective of the system.
input
the activity of gathering and capturing raw data.
processing
converting or transforming data into useful outputs.
output
production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports.
feedback
output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.
forecasting
predicting future events to avoid problems.
computer-based information system (CBIS)
a single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.
hardware
computer equipment used to perfom input, processing, and output activities.
software
the computer programs that govern the operation of the computer.
database
an organized collection of facts and information.
telecommunications
the electronic transmission of signals for communications; enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks.
networks
computers and equipment that are connected in a building, around the country, or around the world to enable electronic communications.
internet
the world's largest computer network , actually consisting of thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information.
transaction processing system (TPS)
an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions.
enterprise resource planning system
a set of integrated programs capable of managing a company's vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.
management information system
an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices that provides routine information to managers and decision makers.
decision support system (DSS)
an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem specific decision making.
organization
a formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals.
value chain
a series of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service.
customer relationship management
programs help a company manage all aspects of customer encounters, including marketing and advertising, sales, customer service after the sale, and programs to retain loyal customers. CRM can help a company collect customer data, contact customers, educate them about new products, and actively sell products to existing and new customers.
organizational structure
organizational subunits and the way they relate to the overall organization.
traditional organizational structure
an organizational structure similar to a managerial pyramid, where the hierarchy of decision making and authority flows from strategic management at the top down to operational management and nonmanagement employees. Also called a hierarchy structure.
flat organization structure
an organizational structure with a reduced number of management layers.
project organizational structure
a structure centered on major products or services.
team organizational structure
a structure centered on work teams or groups.
virtual organizational structure
a structure that employs individuals, groups, or complete business units in geographically dispersed areas that can last for a few weeks or years.
organizational culture
consists of the major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization.
organizational change
the responses that are necessary so that for-profit and nonprofit organizations can plan for, implement, and handle change.
sustaining change
can help an organization improve the supply of raw materials, the production process, and the products and services it offers.
disruptive change
often harms an organization's performance or even puts it out of business.
unfreezing
ceasing old habits and creating a climate receptive to change.
moving
learning new work methods, behaviors, and systems.
refreezing
reinforcing changes to make the new process second nature, accepted, and part of the job.
continuous improvement
constantly seek ways to improve business processes and add value to products and services.
reengineering
involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results.
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
a model that describes the factors that lead to higher levels of acceptance and usage of technology.
technology diffusion
a measure of how widely technology is spread through an organization.
on-demand computing
contracting for computer resources to rapidly respond to an organization's varying workflow. Also called on-demand business and utility computing.
technology infusion
the extent to which technology is deeply integrated into an area or department.
downsizing
reducing the number of employees to cut costs.
total quality management (TQM)
involves developing a keen awareness of customer needs, adopting a strategic vision for quality, empowering employees, and rewarding employees and managers for producing high quality products.
six sigma
a statistical term that means products and services will meet quality standards 99.9997% of the time.
outsourcing
involves contracting with outside professional services to meet specific business needs.
five forces model
a widely accepted model that identifies five key factors that can lead to attainment of competitive advantage, including (1) the rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the threat of new entrants, (3) the threat of substitute products and services, (4) the bargaining power of buyers, and (5) the bargaining power of supplies.
CPU
central processing unit; the part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas.
machine cycle
the instruction phase followed by the execution phase. measured in nanoseconds and picoseconds.
MIPS
millions of instructions per second (a measure of speed for computer systems of all sizes)
clock speed
a series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time.(often measured in megahertz and gigahertz)
Moore's Law
a hypothesis that states that transistor densities on a single chip double every 18 months)
byte
8 bits that together represent a single character of data.
RAM
random access memory; a form of memory in which instructions or data can be temporarily stored.
ROM
read only memory; a nonvolatile form of memory.
cache memory
a type of high speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory.
multiprocessing
the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time.
parallel computing
the simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster.
secondary storage
devices that store larger amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with main memory.
RAID
redundant array of inde dispendent/inexpensive disks; a method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data, allowing the system to create a "reconstruction map" so that if a hard drive fails, the system can rebuild lost data.
storage area network
the technology that provides highspeed connections between datastorage devices and computers over a network.
blade server
a server that houses many individual computer motherboards that include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections.
RFID
radio frequency identification; a technology that employs a microchip with an antenna that broadcasts its unique identifier and location to recievers.
thin client
a low cost, centrally managed computer with essential but limited capabilities and no extra drives, such as a CD or DVD drive, or expansion slots.
workstation
a more powerful personal computer that is used for technical computing, such as engineering, but still fits on a desktop.
server
a computer designed for a specific task, such as network or Internet applications