Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
570 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
abandon |
to leave forever, or to stop something in progress
|
|
|
abstract
|
a written summary of the important points of a text
|
|
|
academic
|
relating to school, college, study or theory
|
|
|
access
|
the ability to get to or enter somewhere or something
|
|
|
accommodation
|
adjustment, agreement, or living place
|
|
|
accompanied
|
went or came with someone or something
|
|
|
accumulation
|
collection or process of collecting
|
|
|
accurate
|
correct and without any mistakes
|
|
|
achieve
|
to succeed in reaching a target or aim
|
|
|
acknowledged
|
recognized, admitted the truth, or expressed thanks
|
|
|
acquisition
|
the process of getting something
|
|
|
adaptation
|
modification to suit new conditions or environment
|
|
|
adequate
|
enough or barely enough
|
|
|
adjacent
|
next to, near, or touching
|
|
|
adjustment
|
making small changes, or becoming suitable
|
|
|
administration
|
a method of managing the affairs of an organization
|
|
|
adults
|
people or living things that are fully grown or developed
|
|
|
advocate
|
to publicly recommend or support something
|
|
|
affect
|
to influence or cause something to change
|
|
|
aggregate
|
the total of all the parts
|
|
|
aid
|
to help or support
|
|
|
albeit
|
although, even though
|
|
|
allocation
|
a share of something for a specific purpose
|
|
|
alter
|
to change the form or character of something
|
|
|
alternative
|
something different, or a choice of something else
|
|
|
ambiguous
|
not clear, or having two or more possible interpretations
|
|
|
amendment
|
a change made to the words of a text
|
|
|
analogous
|
similar or comparable in some ways
|
|
|
analysis
|
a detailed investigation of the parts of something
|
|
|
annual
|
happening once a year
|
|
|
anticipated
|
expected something to happen
|
|
|
apparent
|
able to be understood, or seeming to exist
|
|
|
appendix
|
supplementary material at the end of a book
|
|
|
appreciation
|
recognition of value, or expression of thanks
|
|
|
approach
|
a way of considering or doing something
|
|
|
appropriate
|
suitable or right for a particular purpose or situation
|
|
|
approximated
|
came near to, or estimated
|
|
|
arbitrary
|
based on chance rather than reason
|
|
|
area
|
a subject or specialization, or part of it
|
|
|
aspects
|
the parts of a problem, situation or task
|
|
|
assembly
|
a regular meeting of people, or putting parts together
|
|
|
assessment
|
when you decide the value or quality of something
|
|
|
assigned
|
gave someone a task, or sorted something into groups
|
|
|
assistance
|
an act of helping to complete a task
|
|
|
assume
|
accept something to be true without questioning it
|
|
|
assurance
|
promise or confidence
|
|
|
attached
|
added or fixed something to something else
|
|
|
attained
|
achieved or gained by effort
|
|
|
attitudes
|
feelings or opinions about someone or something
|
|
|
attributed
|
indicated the cause of something
|
|
|
author
|
writer
|
|
|
authority
|
an expert on a subject
|
|
|
automatically
|
without need for help, or without thinking
|
|
|
available
|
able to be used
|
|
|
aware
|
to have knowledge or be conscious of something
|
|
|
behalf
|
personal interest, benefit or representation
|
|
|
benefit
|
an advantage or good effect
|
|
|
bias
|
unfair preference, or distortion of statistics
|
|
|
bond
|
a physical link, or a close social connection
|
|
|
brief
|
short in time, or expressed in a few words
|
|
|
bulk
|
majority, or large size or weight of something
|
|
|
capable
|
having the ability or qualities to do something
|
|
|
capacity
|
the maximum that can be contained or produced
|
|
|
categories
|
the groups by which something is classified
|
|
|
ceases
|
stops something or comes to an end
|
|
|
challenge
|
something needing effort in order to be done well
|
|
|
channel
|
a way through which something moves or is transmitted
|
|
|
chapter
|
a part of a book or period of time
|
|
|
chart
|
to watch carefully or record in detail
|
|
|
chemical
|
a substance with a distinct molecular composition
|
|
|
circumstances
|
the conditions which make a situation the way it is
|
|
|
cited
|
quoted as an example to support an argument
|
|
|
civil
|
relating to the ordinary people of a country
|
|
|
clarity
|
clearness of expression, thought, sound or image
|
|
|
classical
|
traditional, or belonging to ancient Rome or Greece
|
|
|
clause
|
a group of words with a meaning, or a legal document
|
|
|
code
|
regulations, or a set of symbols that mean something
|
|
|
coherence
|
logical consistency, or integration of parts
|
|
|
coincide
|
to happen at the same time, or be similar
|
|
|
collapse
|
fall down or fail suddenly
|
|
|
colleagues
|
people who work or study together at the same place
|
|
|
commenced
|
started
|
|
|
comments
|
spoken or written words to express an opinion
|
|
|
commission
|
a special group chosen to consider something
|
|
|
commitment
|
willingness to spend time or energy on something
|
|
|
commodity
|
something that can be bought or sold
|
|
|
communication
|
the way living things send messages to each other
|
|
|
community
|
a social group of people who live in a particular area
|
|
|
compensation
|
money received for the loss or damage of something
|
|
|
compiled
|
put together from various sources
|
|
|
complement
|
to make better when combined
|
|
|
complex
|
difficult to understand because of its many parts
|
|
|
components
|
all the individual parts of a system or thing
|
|
|
compounds
|
substances made up of two or more elements
|
|
|
comprehensive
|
including many things or everything that is necessary
|
|
|
comprise
|
to include or consist of
|
|
|
computer
|
a machine which performs calculations automatically
|
|
|
conceived
|
gave birth, imagined, or invented
|
|
|
concentration
|
the ability to think or focus carefully about one thing
|
|
|
concept
|
an abstract or general idea
|
|
|
conclusion
|
an opinion one reaches after careful consideration
|
|
|
concurrent
|
happening at the same time
|
|
|
conduct
|
to organize and perform a specific task
|
|
|
conference
|
a meeting or event with talks about a specific subject
|
|
|
confined
|
limited or enclosed
|
|
|
confirmed
|
proved true, or made certain
|
|
|
conflict
|
fighting, or disagreement between people or ideas
|
|
|
conformity
|
agreement in form or opinion, or doing as others do
|
|
|
consent
|
voluntary agreement or permission
|
|
|
consequences
|
the undesired results of a particular act or situation
|
|
|
considerable
|
large or of noticeable importance
|
|
|
consistent
|
in agreement with expectations or other facts
|
|
|
constant
|
unchanging, or happening frequently
|
|
|
constitutional
|
relating to the laws and principles of a government
|
|
|
constraints
|
conditions that limit the freedom of a system or thing
|
|
|
construction
|
the act of building something
|
|
|
consultation
|
a meeting to discuss something or seek advice
|
|
|
consumer
|
a person who buys goods or services
|
|
|
contact
|
communication, or when people or things touch
|
|
|
contemporary
|
existing now, or of the same period
|
|
|
context
|
the situation in which something exists or happens
|
|
|
contract
|
a legal agreement between people or groups
|
|
|
contradiction
|
disagreement or incompatibility of two or more things
|
|
|
contrary
|
not in agreement with, or opposite
|
|
|
contrast
|
an obvious difference between two or more things
|
|
|
contribution
|
money given or part played to achieve a group aim
|
|
|
controversy
|
disagreement or argument about an important topic
|
|
|
convention
|
a conference, or the accepted way of doing something
|
|
|
conversely
|
in the opposite way, on the other hand
|
|
|
converted
|
changed form, function or opinion
|
|
|
convinced
|
persuaded or lead someone to believe or do something
|
|
|
cooperative
|
willing to help, or involving joint activity
|
|
|
coordination
|
movement of the body, or management of a group
|
|
|
core
|
the central or most important part of a system or thing
|
|
|
corporate
|
relating to a group, company or corporation
|
|
|
corresponding
|
similar to or anticipated
|
|
|
couple
|
to link together
|
|
|
create
|
to make something new or invent something
|
|
|
credit
|
to recognize a person's contribution to a task
|
|
|
criteria
|
the rules or guidelines to test or evaluate something
|
|
|
crucial
|
extremely important
|
|
|
cultural
|
relating to the customs and beliefs of a certain group
|
|
|
currency
|
money or acceptance
|
|
|
cycle
|
a series of events which repeat in a predictable order
|
|
|
data
|
information from which conclusions may be drawn
|
|
|
debate
|
a serious discussion involving many people
|
|
|
decades
|
periods of ten years, or a long time
|
|
|
decline
|
to get weaker or diminish, or to refuse something
|
|
|
deduction
|
the act of finding a logical answer or opinion
|
|
|
definite
|
certain or clear
|
|
|
definition
|
an explanation of a word or phrase
|
|
|
demonstrate
|
to show or explain how something works
|
|
|
denote
|
to indicate, or act as a symbol for
|
|
|
deny
|
to refuse, not admit, or say that something is not true
|
|
|
depression
|
unhappiness, or a period of little business activity
|
|
|
derived
|
formed or developed from something else
|
|
|
design
|
a plan of something or how its parts are arranged
|
|
|
despite
|
without taking notice of or being influenced by
|
|
|
detected
|
noticed, or discovered using instruments
|
|
|
deviation
|
difference from the norm or what is usual or expected
|
|
|
device
|
scheme or thing invented for a specific purpose
|
|
|
devoted
|
gave time or effort to a purpose, activity or person
|
|
|
differentiation
|
the process of making something different
|
|
|
dimensions
|
aspects, or the length, width and height of something
|
|
|
diminished
|
made smaller in size or importance
|
|
|
discretion
|
careful consideration for others, or the right to choose
|
|
|
discrimination
|
biased and unfair treatment of a person or group
|
|
|
displacement
|
movement of people or thing away from a place
|
|
|
display
|
show, or arrange something to be seen
|
|
|
disposal
|
the process of getting rid of something
|
|
|
distinction
|
a specific difference between two similar things
|
|
|
distortion
|
change of shape, or inaccurate description or reporting
|
|
|
distribution
|
the way in which things or people are spread about
|
|
|
diversity
|
variety of opinions, styles, social groups or living things
|
|
|
document
|
to record the details of a process or event
|
|
|
domain
|
an area of interest, or an area controlled by someone
|
|
|
domestic
|
relating to home or country
|
|
|
dominant
|
stronger than others of the same group or type
|
|
|
draft
|
a piece of text or plan which is not in its final form
|
|
|
dramatic
|
exciting, outstanding, or very sudden
|
|
|
duration
|
period of time that something lasts
|
|
|
dynamic
|
relating to energy, motion, or change
|
|
|
economic
|
relating to money or trade
|
|
|
edition
|
a version or a batch of a publication in a series
|
|
|
elements
|
the basic principles of a subject of study
|
|
|
eliminate
|
to get rid of, remove, or leave out
|
|
|
emerged
|
became known, or appeared out of something
|
|
|
emphasis
|
the importance or special consideration of something
|
|
|
empirical
|
based on observation or experiment
|
|
|
enable
|
to make something possible, practical or easy to do
|
|
|
encountered
|
met unexpectedly, or experienced something undesired
|
|
|
energy
|
power or ability to be physically or mentally active
|
|
|
enforcement
|
to make or force something to happen or be accepted
|
|
|
enhanced
|
improved in quality, intensity, or value
|
|
|
enormous
|
very big
|
|
|
ensure
|
to make certain that something will happen
|
|
|
entities
|
things, real or abstract, which exist independently
|
|
|
environment
|
the conditions one lives in and their effects
|
|
|
equation
|
a statement showing the equivalence of two things
|
|
|
equipment
|
necessary items for a particular activity of purpose
|
|
|
equivalent
|
being equal to or effectively the same as
|
|
|
erosion
|
gradual weakening or damage caused by nature
|
|
|
error
|
mistake or wrong decision
|
|
|
established
|
conventional or conforming to accepted standards
|
|
|
estate
|
all of a person's property or wealth
|
|
|
estimate
|
a guess of the size, number or amount of something
|
|
|
ethical
|
morally right
|
|
|
ethnic
|
of a national, racial, religious or linguistic group
|
|
|
evaluation
|
judgment of the value or quality of something
|
|
|
eventually
|
finally, or ultimately
|
|
|
evidence
|
one or more reasons for believing something
|
|
|
evolution
|
a gradual process of change, or Darwin's theory
|
|
|
exceed
|
to be more than a number, amount or allowed limit
|
|
|
excluded
|
deliberately didn't include something
|
|
|
exhibit
|
to show. display or reveal
|
|
|
expansion
|
an increase in size of something
|
|
|
expert
|
a person with great skill or knowledge of a subject
|
|
|
explicit
|
clear and detailed, not implicit
|
|
|
exploitation
|
good use of resources, or unfair use of people
|
|
|
export
|
to send goods to another country
|
|
|
exposure
|
being affected by something in a particular place
|
|
|
external
|
relating to or existing outside
|
|
|
extract
|
to get from source, pull out, or get by force
|
|
|
facilitate
|
to make something easy or easier to do
|
|
|
factors
|
facts which contribute to the result of something
|
|
|
features
|
the important or typical parts of something
|
|
|
federal
|
relating to a central government
|
|
|
fees
|
an amount of money paid for a piece of work or service
|
|
|
file
|
to store in order or record officially
|
|
|
final
|
last
|
|
|
financial
|
relating to the management of money
|
|
|
finite
|
countable, or having an end or limit
|
|
|
flexibility
|
ability to bend, change or be changed
|
|
|
fluctuations
|
irregular variations, or rises and falls
|
|
|
focus
|
the center of interest, activity, or attention
|
|
|
format
|
arrangement, layout or plan
|
|
|
formula
|
a standard way of making or doing something
|
|
|
forthcoming
|
happening soon
|
|
|
foundation
|
fundamental principle, or establishment
|
|
|
founded
|
brought into existence, or based an idea on something
|
|
|
framework
|
an outline or basic description of a complex process
|
|
|
function
|
the purpose of something, or the duty of a person
|
|
|
fundamental
|
basic, central, or more important than anything else
|
|
|
funds
|
money available for a specific purpose
|
|
|
furthermore
|
in addition
|
|
|
gender
|
condition of being male of female
|
|
|
generated
|
caused something to exist
|
|
|
generation
|
people of the same age, or the production of energy
|
|
|
global
|
relating to the whole world
|
|
|
goals
|
aims, purposes or targets
|
|
|
grade
|
to classify things or people by quality, rank or level
|
|
|
granted
|
gave or allowed someone to do something
|
|
|
guarantee
|
to promise or make certain
|
|
|
guidelines
|
information to aid or advise people about something
|
|
|
hence
|
therefore, this is the reason why
|
|
|
hierarchical
|
classified by rank or grade
|
|
|
highlighted
|
emphasized or marked as important
|
|
|
hypothesis
|
an idea based on observation but not yet proven
|
|
|
identical
|
the same in every way
|
|
|
identified
|
recognized something by saying what it is
|
|
|
ideology
|
system of beliefs or principles
|
|
|
ignored
|
gave no attention to someone or something
|
|
|
illustrated
|
made clear with pictures or examples
|
|
|
image
|
a picture in the mind or formed by a mirror or lens
|
|
|
immigration
|
the act of arriving at a country in order to live there
|
|
|
impact
|
a powerful effect that something has on a situation
|
|
|
implementation
|
the realization of a plan, idea or policy
|
|
|
implications
|
the possible consequences an event may bring
|
|
|
implicit
|
understood without being said
|
|
|
implies
|
suggests something without saying directly
|
|
|
imposed
|
forced a rule, or made someone accept an idea
|
|
|
incentive
|
something that encourages or motivates a person to do
|
|
|
incidence
|
occurrence or rate of occurrence of something
|
|
|
inclination
|
slope, or the way a person feels about something
|
|
|
income
|
money earned by doing work or gained by investing
|
|
|
incompatible
|
unable to exist or work together effectively
|
|
|
incorporated
|
as a corporation, or combined into one thing
|
|
|
index
|
reference list arranged alphabetically, or scale
|
|
|
indicate
|
to show, point out, or make clear
|
|
|
individual
|
a single person or thing when compared to a group
|
|
|
induced
|
caused to happen, or persuaded to do
|
|
|
inevitably
|
as expected, or in a way that can not be avoided
|
|
|
inferred
|
conclude from evidence or logical thinking
|
|
|
infrastructure
|
basic organization of a system, or public services
|
|
|
inherent
|
existing as a natural and basic part of something
|
|
|
inhibition
|
the process of slowing down, restraining, or stopping
|
|
|
initial
|
existing or occurring at the beginning
|
|
|
initiatives
|
introductory steps
|
|
|
injury
|
damage to a person's body after an accident or attack
|
|
|
innovation
|
invention or new idea or way of doing something
|
|
|
input
|
contribution, or something that goes into a process
|
|
|
insert
|
to put something into something else
|
|
|
insights
|
discoveries or clear understandings of a complex issue
|
|
|
inspection
|
careful or critical viewing or examination
|
|
|
instance
|
an occurrence of something
|
|
|
institute
|
an organization that does scientific or educational work
|
|
|
instructions
|
information about how to do something
|
|
|
integral
|
necessary or important to complete a whole
|
|
|
integration
|
to combine two or more things into a coherent whole
|
|
|
integrity
|
wholeness, honesty, or having principles
|
|
|
intelligence
|
capacity to acquire and apply knowledge
|
|
|
intensity
|
strength of concentration of something
|
|
|
interaction
|
communication, or the action of things on each other
|
|
|
intermediate
|
between two extremes or in the middle
|
|
|
internal
|
relating to or existing inside
|
|
|
interpretation
|
an explanation or opinion of what something means
|
|
|
interval
|
a short period of time between one event and the next
|
|
|
intervention
|
become involved in a situation in order to improve it
|
|
|
intrinsic
|
basic and essential, or by itself
|
|
|
investigation
|
a detailed study of examination of a problem or crime
|
|
|
investment
|
the act of spending time or money in pursuit of gain
|
|
|
invoked
|
used law or power to improve a situation
|
|
|
involved
|
complicated or difficult to understand
|
|
|
isolated
|
separated, or found the cause of something
|
|
|
issues
|
problems that people are thinking or talking about
|
|
|
items
|
the things which are part of a list or group
|
|
|
job
|
regular work, a piece of work, a responsibility or a task
|
|
|
journal
|
a publication with a focus on a particular subject
|
|
|
justification
|
to explain or show that something is right or fair
|
|
|
label
|
information about the object it is fixed to
|
|
|
labor
|
practical work which involves physical effort
|
|
|
layer
|
a distinct band, thickness, or level of something
|
|
|
lecture
|
an educational speech before an audience or class
|
|
|
legal
|
related to or allowed by law
|
|
|
legislation
|
a law or laws created by a government
|
|
|
levy
|
to impose or collect a tax
|
|
|
liberal
|
open minded and tolerant of others, or generous
|
|
|
license
|
a legal document giving permission to do or own
|
|
|
likewise
|
similarly, also
|
|
|
link
|
a connection between two things
|
|
|
location
|
place, position or coordinates of something
|
|
|
logic
|
a way of thinking based on reason
|
|
|
maintenance
|
the act of keeping something in its present state
|
|
|
major
|
more important than others of the same type
|
|
|
manipulation
|
influence, or control of something using hands
|
|
|
manual
|
relating to, involving or done with hands
|
|
|
marginal
|
small in amount or effect, or barely acceptable
|
|
|
mature
|
completely grown or developed, or like an adult
|
|
|
maximum
|
an upper limit of something
|
|
|
mechanism
|
a process or sequence of steps within a system
|
|
|
media
|
television, radio, newspapers or magazines
|
|
|
mediation
|
negotiation between groups in conflict with each other
|
|
|
medical
|
relating to the study or practice of medicine
|
|
|
medium
|
means of transmitting, transporting, or communicating
|
|
|
mental
|
of the mind
|
|
|
method
|
a way of doing something
|
|
|
migration
|
movement of a group from one region to another
|
|
|
military
|
relating to war or armed forces
|
|
|
minimal
|
very small, the smallest possible, or barely enough
|
|
|
minimized
|
reduced to a minimum, or made unimportant
|
|
|
minimum
|
a lower limit of something
|
|
|
ministry
|
a government department, or the service of a minister
|
|
|
minorities
|
groups of people who differ from the larger group
|
|
|
mode
|
manner, way or form
|
|
|
modified
|
changed just a little and usually for the better
|
|
|
monitoring
|
observing, recording or detecting using instruments
|
|
|
motivation
|
enthusiasm or reason for doing something
|
|
|
mutual
|
felt or shared by each other or all
|
|
|
negative
|
bad, less than zero, contradictory, or inconclusive
|
|
|
network
|
a system of things or people which are interconnected
|
|
|
neutral
|
without bias or favoritism, or having no charge
|
|
|
nevertheless
|
despite this, nonetheless, notwithstanding
|
|
|
nonetheless
|
despite this, nevertheless, notwithstanding
|
|
|
normal
|
ordinary or usual
|
|
|
norms
|
accepted or usual standards or ways
|
|
|
notion
|
idea, opinion or belief
|
|
|
notwithstanding
|
despite this, nevertheless, nonetheless
|
|
|
nuclear
|
relating to a nucleus
|
|
|
objective
|
aim or purpose
|
|
|
obtained
|
came into possession of
|
|
|
obvious
|
easy to understand
|
|
|
occupational
|
relating to work
|
|
|
occur
|
to happen, often naturally or unexpectedly
|
|
|
odd
|
unusual, not even, or irregular
|
|
|
offset
|
to counterbalance or compensate one thing for another
|
|
|
ongoing
|
in progress or happening now
|
|
|
option
|
something available as a choice, or the right to choose
|
|
|
orientation
|
direction or arrangement, aims, training or preparation
|
|
|
outcomes
|
the end results or consequences of a particular event
|
|
|
output
|
the end product, or the amount of something produced
|
|
|
overall
|
in general, considering everything
|
|
|
overlap
|
correspond or coincide in part with something
|
|
|
overseas
|
abroad, or to, from or in other countries
|
|
|
panel
|
a small group of people chosen to give their opinions
|
|
|
paradigm
|
conceptual framework, or an example of something
|
|
|
paragraph
|
group of sentences which discuss a single topic
|
|
|
parallel
|
similar, or of equal distance apart along two lengths
|
|
|
parameters
|
the facts or rules which limit how something is done
|
|
|
participation
|
the act of taking part or being involved in something
|
|
|
partnership
|
a relationship involving close cooperation
|
|
|
passive
|
accepting without resistance, or not active
|
|
|
perceived
|
saw, or generally recognized or believed to be true
|
|
|
percent
|
in proportion to a hundred
|
|
|
period
|
any length of time
|
|
|
persistent
|
continuing for a long time, or refusing to give up
|
|
|
perspective
|
a way of looking at or considering something
|
|
|
phase
|
a period of time, especially as part of a series
|
|
|
phenomenon
|
something unusual or amazing which can be sensed
|
|
|
philosophy
|
a system of beliefs that guide one's behavior
|
|
|
physical
|
of the body, or having material existence
|
|
|
plus
|
and also, or more, added to
|
|
|
policy
|
an established practice or plan of what to do
|
|
|
portion
|
part or share of a whole
|
|
|
posed
|
asked formally, caused a problem, or stayed in position
|
|
|
positive
|
certain about something
|
|
|
potential
|
the capacity to develop, succeed or achieve
|
|
|
practitioners
|
people involved in an activity or job requiring skill
|
|
|
preceding
|
coming before something or someone else
|
|
|
precise
|
exact or careful and accurate
|
|
|
predicted
|
said that something would happen in the future
|
|
|
predominantly
|
mainly or mostly
|
|
|
preliminary
|
prior to or in preparation for the main activity or event
|
|
|
presumption
|
an attitude based on probability rather than proof
|
|
|
previous
|
occurring or existing before something or someone else
|
|
|
primary
|
more important than anything else
|
|
|
prime
|
the main or most important, or the best quality
|
|
|
principal
|
the first, main, or most important
|
|
|
principle
|
a basic generalization that is accepted as true
|
|
|
prior
|
coming before something else in time or importance
|
|
|
priority
|
something important that comes first or before others
|
|
|
procedure
|
a course of action intended to achieve a result
|
|
|
process
|
a series of actions taken to achieve a result
|
|
|
professional
|
relating to or conforming to the standards of work
|
|
|
prohibited
|
prevented, or refused to allow
|
|
|
project
|
work or a study of a subject over a period of time
|
|
|
promote
|
to raise someone or something to a higher level
|
|
|
proportion
|
the size of something when compared to the whole
|
|
|
prospect
|
anticipation, or probability of a favorable outcome
|
|
|
protocol
|
set of rules and procedures
|
|
|
psychology
|
study of how the mind works and affects behavior
|
|
|
publication
|
printed item such as a book, magazine or journal
|
|
|
published
|
made known to the public through writing
|
|
|
purchase
|
buy
|
|
|
pursue
|
to follow, try to get, or try to discover information
|
|
|
qualitative
|
relating to quality
|
|
|
quotation
|
what someone has said or written
|
|
|
radical
|
fundamental or extreme
|
|
|
random
|
without pattern or plan
|
|
|
range
|
the upper and lower limits of something
|
|
|
ratio
|
a comparison of two things expressed as a number
|
|
|
rational
|
logical or based on reason
|
|
|
reaction
|
behavior or action as a result of a particular event
|
|
|
recovery
|
return to normal, or getting back something lost
|
|
|
refine
|
improve something through small changes
|
|
|
regime
|
a particular government or controlling group or system
|
|
|
region
|
a geographical or physical area
|
|
|
registered
|
recorded and accepted by a group or organization
|
|
|
regulations
|
rules issued by an authority
|
|
|
reinforced
|
gave support to something
|
|
|
rejected
|
refused to accept, make use of, or give affection to
|
|
|
relaxed
|
made rules or controls less severe
|
|
|
release
|
to let go or let out
|
|
|
relevant
|
correct or suitable for a particular purpose
|
|
|
reliance
|
the tendency to trust in someone or something
|
|
|
reluctant
|
unwilling or hesitant
|
|
|
removed
|
took away
|
|
|
required
|
needed or made necessary
|
|
|
research
|
a detailed study of a subject
|
|
|
resident
|
a person who lives at a particular place
|
|
|
resolution
|
a course of action which is decided purposefully
|
|
|
resources
|
money, valuable possessions, or natural materials
|
|
|
response
|
an answer or reaction to a question or statement
|
|
|
restore
|
to return to a previous condition or position
|
|
|
restraints
|
limitations or controls of the freedom of something
|
|
|
restricted
|
with limitations, or available only to a select few
|
|
|
retained
|
kept or continued to have
|
|
|
revealed
|
showed or made known
|
|
|
revenue
|
income that a company or government receives
|
|
|
reverse
|
opposite or back
|
|
|
revision
|
a change of the words of a text
|
|
|
revolution
|
a sudden or important change in a situation
|
|
|
rigid
|
stiff and fixed, or not able to be changed or persuaded
|
|
|
role
|
a function or part performed in a specific process
|
|
|
route
|
way between places, or method of achieving something
|
|
|
scenario
|
imagined event, or model of expected outcomes
|
|
|
schedule
|
a plan of activities organized by time
|
|
|
scheme
|
an organized plan, or an outline of a system or thing
|
|
|
scope
|
range covered, or opportunity
|
|
|
section
|
a distinct part of something
|
|
|
sector
|
a geographic or economic area
|
|
|
security
|
protection of a person, property or organization
|
|
|
select
|
to choose, especially after careful consideration
|
|
|
sequence
|
a series, or the order in which things are arranged
|
|
|
series
|
a sequence of similar or related things
|
|
|
sex
|
the state of being either female or male
|
|
|
shift
|
a change in position, direction or conditions
|
|
|
significant
|
noticeable, meaningful or important
|
|
|
similar
|
almost but not exactly the same
|
|
|
simulation
|
model of the essential features of a process or thing
|
|
|
site
|
a place where something was, is, or will be
|
|
|
so-called
|
commonly or falsely called
|
|
|
solely
|
only and exclusively
|
|
|
somewhat
|
slightly or rather
|
|
|
sought
|
simple past and past participle of seek
|
|
|
source
|
the cause of something or place it comes from
|
|
|
specific
|
relating to one thing and not others
|
|
|
specified
|
stated clearly or described accurately
|
|
|
sphere
|
area of interest, knowledge or control
|
|
|
stability
|
resistance to change, or constancy of character
|
|
|
statistics
|
a branch of applied mathematics that analyzes data
|
|
|
status
|
the relative position of someone or something
|
|
|
straightforward
|
easy to understand, or honest and frank
|
|
|
strategies
|
detailed plans or methods for achieving success
|
|
|
stress
|
to give emphasis or special attention to something
|
|
|
structure
|
the way parts of a system or object are arranged
|
|
|
styles
|
types, expressions, or ways of doing something
|
|
|
submitted
|
presented for consideration, or gave in to
|
|
|
subordinate
|
of less importance or lower status
|
|
|
subsequent
|
happening after something else
|
|
|
subsidiary
|
of lesser importance
|
|
|
substitution
|
the replacement of one thing by another
|
|
|
successive
|
following in sequence and without a break
|
|
|
sufficient
|
as much as is needed for a particular purpose
|
|
|
sum
|
the total number or amount of things added together
|
|
|
summary
|
a short description of the main points of something
|
|
|
supplementary
|
extra, or supplying what is lacking
|
|
|
survey
|
a series of questions used to gather personal data
|
|
|
survive
|
to continue to live or exist
|
|
|
suspended
|
stopped something temporarily or permanently
|
|
|
sustainable
|
able to be continued or maintained
|
|
|
symbolic
|
representing something else, or ineffective
|
|
|
tapes
|
recordings of sound or pictures
|
|
|
target
|
aim, thing to be aimed at, or who something is for
|
|
|
task
|
a piece of work that is either difficult or unpleasant
|
|
|
team
|
organized group of people who work cooperatively
|
|
|
technical
|
relating to specialized words of a specific subject
|
|
|
techniques
|
ways of doing an activity that requires skill
|
|
|
technology
|
the study of practical uses of scientific discoveries
|
|
|
temporary
|
for a limited period
|
|
|
tension
|
nervousness or uneasiness
|
|
|
termination
|
end of something, or process of ending something
|
|
|
text
|
the words printed on a page other than the headings
|
|
|
theme
|
topic of speech or writing
|
|
|
theory
|
an organized system of accepted knowledge
|
|
|
thereby
|
as a result or this
|
|
|
thesis
|
long academic paper based on original research
|
|
|
topic
|
subject of a text or discussion
|
|
|
trace
|
to find or discover by careful searching or research
|
|
|
traditional
|
the usual ways or customs of a group of people
|
|
|
transfer
|
to move from one place to another
|
|
|
transformation
|
a complete change or the process of change
|
|
|
transition
|
a process or period in which something changes
|
|
|
transmission
|
process of passing or sending something invisible
|
|
|
transport
|
to carry from one place to another
|
|
|
trend
|
fashion, or change in people's behavior or attitude
|
|
|
trigger
|
cause, or set off an action or series of actions
|
|
|
ultimately
|
finally and after much trouble or discussion
|
|
|
undergo
|
to experience of endure
|
|
|
underlying
|
fundamental, implicit but not obvious, prior
|
|
|
undertaken
|
done or committed to do with responsibility or effort
|
|
|
unified
|
brought together or combined as a whole
|
|
|
uniform
|
always the same
|
|
|
unique
|
completely different from anything else
|
|
|
utility
|
usefulness, or public service such as gas or water
|
|
|
validity
|
acceptance or meaningfulness based on reason
|
|
|
variable
|
one among a group of things which may change
|
|
|
vehicle
|
method, or any form of land transport
|
|
|
version
|
specific variety, different from others or the original
|
|
|
via
|
by way of, or by means of
|
|
|
violation
|
action that breaks the rules
|
|
|
virtually
|
almost or practically
|
|
|
visible
|
able to be seen
|
|
|
vision
|
sight, mental image, or ability to anticipate the future
|
|
|
visual
|
relating to vision or sight
|
|
|
volume
|
a book which is published periodically or as a series
|
|
|
voluntary
|
done willingly and without external force
|
|
|
welfare
|
financial help to the poor, or health and happiness
|
|
|
whereas
|
but, compared with the fact that
|
|
|
whereby
|
by which or through which
|
|
|
widespread
|
existing or happening in many places
|
