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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the most common cause of cancer related death in the US?
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Lung cancer
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do T cells require the MHC complex to attack tumor cells?
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yes
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do natural killer cells require the MHC complex to attack tumor cells?
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No, natural killer cells can independently attack tumor cells
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when are tumor antigens not random?
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tumor antigens are usually random, unless they are viral induced tumors
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what is the overall most common cancer in women?
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Breast-cancer
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what is the overall most common cancer in men?
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Prostate cancer
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which molecules do PET scans detect?
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Fluorodeoxyglucose molecules
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what is the effect on prognosis in tumors infiltrated by lymphocytes?
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Overall better prognosis in the presence of lymphocyte infiltration, especially in melanoma
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adoptive immunotherapy requires which interleukin?
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IL-2, which leads to the proliferation of a lymphocytes subtype, lymphokine-activated killer cells
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for which type of leukemia is gamma – INF approved?
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Hairy cell leukemia
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CEA is a tumor marker for which type of cancer?
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Colon cancer
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AFP is a tumor marker for which type of cancer?
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Liver cancer
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CA-199 is a tumor marker for which type of cancer?
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Pancreatic cancer
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CA – 125 is a tumor marker for which type of cancer?
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Ovarian cancer
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do CEA levels decreased immediately after colon cancer resection?
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No, the half-life of CEA is approximately 18 days
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neuron specific enolace (NSE)is a tumor marker for which type of cancers?
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Small cell cancer and neuroblastoma
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which to cancers are associated with Epstein-Barr virus EBV?
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Nasopharyngeal cancer and Burkitt's lymphoma
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how does radiation promote cancer initiation?
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Via direct a small DNA breaks as well as indirect DNA damage via oxygen radicals
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which phase of the cell cycle is most vulnerable to radiation?
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Mitosis, M phase
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what are three reasons why radiation therapy is intermittent?
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To allow repair of normal cells, for oxygen to build up and promote oxygen radical formation, and to allow redistribution of sales through the cell cycle, allowing more cells to get to the m phase
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what are the two characteristic radio sensitive cancers?
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Seminomas and lymphomas
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do cell cycle specific chemotherapies exhibit a linear killing response?
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No, they exhibit a plateu in their killing response, because only a given number of sales at any given time are in the cell cycle
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what is the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide?
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Acrolein
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what is the antidote to cyclophosphamide?
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MESNA, because it inactivates Acrolein
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what is the main side effect of cyclophosphamide?
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Hemorrhagic cystitis
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what is the mechanism of action of methotrexate?
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Blocks the enzyme DHFR, hence blocking THF synthesis and in turn blocking DNA synthesis
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what is the antidote to methotrexate?
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Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, it does not require DHFR to be converted to folate
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what is the mechanism of action of 5-FU (5-fluorouracil)?
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Blocks the enzyme thymidylate synthase, hence blocking dTMP synthesis, and in turn blocking DNA synthesis
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what is the main side effect of doxorubicin?
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Cardiac toxicity
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what is the main side effect of cyclosporine?
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Nephrotoxicity
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what is the main side effect of bleomyosin and busulphan?
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pulmonary fibrosis
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what are the two main risks associated with tamoxifen?
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Blood clots 1% and endometrial cancer 0.1%
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which three chemotherapy medications cause the least bone marrow suppression?
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Vincristine, bleomycin, cisplatin
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four chemotherapy mediated bone marrow suppression, what product can be given to help stimulate bone marrow?
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G – CSF
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G – CSF can cause Sweet's syndrome, what is it?
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acute febrile neutropenic dermatitis
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list seven tumor suppressor genes?
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P53, Rb, BCL, APC, DCC, BRCA, MSH – 2
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on which chromosome is the P 53 gene located?
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17
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on which chromosome is the RB gene located?
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13
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on which chromosome is the APC gene located?
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Five
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what is the role of the BCL gene?
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Apoptosis
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what is the role of the MSH-2 gene?
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involved in DNA mismatch repair
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which condition is a mutation in the MSH-2 gene associated with?
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Lynch syndrome, hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer
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list 6 oncogenes
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Myc, k-ras, sis, Erb B, srs, Ret
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Erb B is also known as what two other names?
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Her2 and Neu
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what chemotherapy medication blocks the epidermal growth factor receptor?
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Herceptin, a.k.a. trastuzumab
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what does the Erb B oncogene code for?
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Epidermal growth factor receptor
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what does the sis oncogene code for?
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Platelet derived growth factor
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what two types of cancers is k-ras most commonly associated with?
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Colon and pancreatic cancer
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what does the ret oncogene code for?
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tyrosine kinase receptor
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what cancer is most commonly associated with the ret oncogene?
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medullary thyroid cancer
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what are the five genetic mutations associated with colon cancer?
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APC, DDC,k-ras, p53, and MSH-2 (MSH-2 only in Lynch syndrome)
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mutation in which gene is the initial mutation in the development of colon cancer?
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APC
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Li-Fraumeni is due to a mutation in which tumor suppressor gene?
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p53
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what type of cancer is associated with naphthalene exposure?
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Bladder cancer
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what type of cancer is associated with benzene exposure?
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Leukemia
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what type of cancer is associated with vinyl chloride exposure
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liver and lung cancers
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what is the most common cause of axillary lymphadenopathy?
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Lymphoma
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what is periumbilical node lymphadenopathy "sister Mary Joseph's node" indicative of?
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Pancreatic cancer
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what is the most common cancer to metastasize to bone?
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Breast-cancer
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what is the most common cancer to metastasize to the small bowel?
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Melanoma
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what is the most common cause of malignant hypercalcemia?
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Breast-cancer with bone metastases
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in clinical trials what is phase 1?
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Figuring out whether drug is safe and calculating the dosage
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in clinical trials what is phase 2?
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figuring out if the drug is effective
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in clinical trials what is phase 3?
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Figuring out whether or not the drug is better than what is already available
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in clinical trials what is phase 4?
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the entire. After the drug is approved and released
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what is Krukenberg tumor?
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Secondary ovarian cancer originating from the G.I. tract
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what characteristic histological finding is seen in Krukenberg tumor?
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Mucin secreting signet ring cells
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what is the only tumor that is completely curable with chemo therapy?
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Lymphoma
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what is Mycosis Fungoides?
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cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
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what characteristic histological finding is seen in Mycosis Fungoides?
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Sezary cells
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what is the most common cause of chylous ascites?
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lymphoma
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what characteristic cell type is seen in Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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Reed-Sternberg cells
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what is the most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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Nodular sclerosing type
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which type of Hodgkin's lymphoma has the best prognosis?
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Lymphocyte predominant type
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what are the two most successfully cured metastases with surgery?
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Colon cancer to the liver and sarcoma to the lungs
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in which three cases is the resection of the normal organ indicated to prevent cancer?
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Colon In FAP, thyroid in RET +family history of MEN or thyroid cancer, breast in BRCA + family history
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