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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Eating Disorders |
Eating disorders are characterised by severe disturbances in both eating behaviour and perception of body weight and shape. |
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Two main types of Eating Disorders |
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Anorexia Nervosa is characterised by a failure to maintain a minimally normal bodyweight, and an intense fear of gaining weight. |
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Bulimia Nervosa |
Bulimia Nervosa is characterised by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting, diuretics, fasting, or excessiveexercise. |
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Diagnostic Features of Anorexia Nervosa |
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which one’s bodyweight or shape is experienced. |
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Two types of Anorexia Nervosa |
1. Restricting Type: no binging or purging 2. Binge-Eating/Purging Type: with regularbinging or purging |
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Self motivation and reinforcement in Anorexia Nervosa |
Weight loss is seen as an impressiveachievement and a sign of good self-control(reinforcing). Weight gain is seen as an unacceptablefailure in self control (motivation for higherlevels of restriction). |
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Prevalence in of Anorexia Nervosa |
0.4% - 1% of Western females aged 16-25. But sub-clinical anorexia 5-7% in this age group. Age of onset is typically mid-late adolescence(14-18 yrs), onset at 40+ is rare. More common in industrialised societies (USA, NZ). |
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Gender differences for Anorexia Nervosa |
90% or more are female; males are on theincrease, specifically in certain groups (e.g. gaymen, body builders). |
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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa |
Genetics Individual Characteristics Family Factors Socio-Cultural Factors |
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Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa |
There are disturbances in brain function, particularly inthe hypothalamus (hunger and satiety control). Three neurotransmitters are thought to be involved:Norepinphrine (stimulates eating), cholecystokinin (CKK-whichsignals satiety to the brain), Serotonin (regulateshunger and mood). |
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Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa |
Psychotherapy alone isn’t enough to treat malnourishedpatients with AN. Hospitalization is often necessary. SSRIs often prescribed to calm anxieties andmanage mood. On-going psychological intervention is usuallyneeded for at least a year, and often up to 5-6years. |
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Features of Bulimia Nervosa |
Large amount of food consumed in a smallamount of time (< 2 hours), followed by methods to prevent weight gain(e.g., vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting). Normally feel out of control when eating. Binges usually involve eating high calorie foods. Normally ashamed of themselves, so done in private Normally eat until uncomfortably full. |
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Triggers of binge eating in Bulimia Nervosa |
Binge eating is often triggered by dysphoria,interpersonal stressors, thoughts about shapeand weight, or food restriction. Feelings of dysphoria subside briefly during thebinge episode but return just after – with muchhigher levels of self criticism and depressedmood. |
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Diagnostic Features of Bulimia Nervosa |
Recurrent binge eating with a sense of lack ofcontrol. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour inorder to prevent weight gain. Binge eating and compensatory behaviour occur atleast once a week for 3 months. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shapeand weight. |
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Associated Features of Bulimia Nervosa |
-Individuals are usually within the normal weight orover weight range. -Between binges individuals typically restrict caloricintake. -Low self-esteem. -Low mood/Depression. -High rates of smoking (reduces appetite). -Higher rates of substance abuse (impulse controldifficulties). |
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Risk Factors for Bulimia Nervosa |
Social pressures to be thin. Internalisation of the thin ideal. Body Dissatisfaction. Negative Affect. Dieting (Restrained Eating) |
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Drug used to help Bulimia Nervosa |
Fenfluramine Fenfluramine is designed to increase serotoninwhich depresses the central nervous system,regulating mood and appetite. The end result isa feeling of fullness and loss of appetite. |
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Differences between Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa |
Anorexia Nervosa – Restricting Type: Does not involve any binge-purge behaviour. Anorexia Nervosa – Binge-Eating/Purging Type: These individuals have low body weight; whereasthose with Bulimia range from normal weight to overweight. |
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Differences between Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder |
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) involves bingesbut they are not followed bycompensatory behaviours as in BulimiaNervosa. |
