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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychological disorder
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a psychological disfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or cultural expected
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DSM-IV-TR definition of a psychological disorder
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behavioral, emotional, or cognitive disfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress and impairment in functioning
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prototype of disorder
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typical profile, when most or all of the symptoms experts agree are part of the disorder are present
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clinical and counseling psychologists
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receive PhD or similar degree, 5 years of grad-level study that prepares them to conduct research into causes and treatment of psychological disorders and assess, diagnose, and treat them
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psychiatrist
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earn an MD in medical school, specialize in psychiatry during 3-4 years of residency training, investigate nature and (bio) causes of disorders, emphasize drug/bio treatments
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psychiatric social worker
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earn a master's degree in social work, develop expertise on how psych. disorder affected by social and family situation of individual, treat disorders (focus on assoc. family probs)
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scientist-practitioner model
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1) keep up with latest scientific developments in field, use most current diagnostic/treatment procedures
2) evaluate their own assessments and treatment procedures to see if they work 3) might conduct research that produces new info about disorders or their treatment |
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presenting problem
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why the person sought treatment
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clinical description
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unique combo of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
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prevalence
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how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder
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incidence
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how many new cases occur during a specific period of time (ie. a year)
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course
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individual pattern of a disorder
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prognosis
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anticipated course of a disorder
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Supernatural model of abnormal behavior
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belief that agents (eg. divinities, demons, spirits, magnetic fields, etc.) outside the body and environment influence behavior, thinking, and emotions.
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mass hysteria
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large scale outbreak of bizzare behavior
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emotional contagion
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experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us
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Hippocrates
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-father of modern medicine
1) coauthored Hippocratic Corpus--> suggested that psych disorders could be treated like other diseases, may have bio/genetic causes 2) considered brain to be seat of wisdom, CSness, and emotion 3) recognized importance of psych and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology |
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Galen
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-Roman physician
-promoted humoral theory of disorders (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm) -extended work of Hippocrates into influential school of thought |
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general paresis
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another name for behavioral and cognitive symptoms of syphilis
-consistent presentation, course that leads to death -hallucinations/delusions (similar to psychosis) -cure discovered via soldier with malaria--led to injection with malaria and later penicillin -first time psych symptoms traced to curable biological cause |
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John Grey
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-superintendent of Utica State Hospital in NY
-believed insanity always due to physical causes, so emphasis on diet, rest and proper room temp/ventilation -improved conditions in hospitals -created rotary fan |
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Manfred Sakel
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Viennese physician
-used higher and higher doses of insulin in psychotic patients in an attempt to calm them and stimulate appetite -eventually led to convulsions and coma -some regained mental health -abandoned as dangerous |
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bromides
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class of sedating drugs
-used at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries to treat anxiety/other psych disorders -widely prescribed by 1920s -side effects found to be significant and overall effect=modest, so abandoned -important because even though drug therapies can appear to be effective initially, cost may outweigh benefit to patient |
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Emil Kraepelin
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influential in advocating major ideas of psychological tradition, but not very involved in treatment
-one of the first to distinguish between different psych disorders and posit diff age of onset, time course, and presenting symptoms for diff disorders |
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Plato
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believed two causes of maladaptive behavior were social/cultural influences on a person's life, and the learning that took place in that environment
-best treatment=rational discussion, precursor to psychosocial approach |
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Moral therapy
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-psychosocial approach to mental disorders
-treat institutionalized patients as normally as possible in setting that encourages social interaction -relationships nurtured -individual attention, emphasis on reward and punishment for good and bad behavior -behavior modeled by staff |
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Philippe Pinel
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French psychiatrist
-originator of moral therapy - former patient, Pussin, persuaded Pinel to make reforms to Parisian hospital |
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Dorothea Dix
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former schoolteacher, worked firsthand in mental instititutions
-improved standards of care for the insane -campaigned for more humane care and more widespread availability of care -her work led to increase in the number of mental patients, transition from moral therapy to custodial care because hospitals overcrowded |
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decline of moral therapy, humane treatment
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1) hospitals became overcrowded, understaffed, led to shift from moral therapy to custodial care
2) decision in mid 1800s made that mental illness caused by brain pathology and was therefore incurable |
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Anton Mesmer
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suggested to patients that problem due to undetectable fluid found in all living orgs (animal magnetism)
-basically used strong suggestion to induce trancelike states in people -opposed by medical establishment as charlatan, animal magnetism disproven by Ben Franklin's double-blind study |
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Jean Charcot
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-head of hospital in Paris
-distinguished neurologist -showed that hypnosis/mesmerism effective with several different kinds of disorders -Freud studied under him |
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Josef Breuer
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asked patients to describe problems/conflicts/fears in detail while under hypnosis
-led to discovery of unconscious mind and its influence on psych disorders as well as discovery of catharsis |
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rise of psychoanalysis
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-work of Breuer led to discovery of UCS mind and catharsis
-case study of Anna O led Freud to expand observations into psychoanalytic model: 1) structure of mind (id, ego, superego) 2) defense mechanisms 3) stages of psychosexual development |
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Adolph Meyer
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emphasized equal contributions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
-only currently valid model -combines info from all areas of psychopathology with understanding of different developmental periods |