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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did social conscience start to emerge?
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18th c.
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historically, why were children often ignored or subjected to harsh treatment? (3)
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because the belief they would die, were posessed, or were simply owned by parents
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Johne Lock and Jean-Marc Itard advanced the belief that...
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children should be treated with kindness & compassion
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in the late 19th c. the distinction was made between individuals with MR "______" and those with psychiatric disorders "_______"
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1) imbeciles
2) lunatics |
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children with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior were said to be suffering from...
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moral insanity
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advances in medical science led to replacement of moral insanity view by the....
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organic disease model
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who helped further the idea that kids need support? where did they work?
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Dorthea Dix
-worked in troubled youth homes |
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the view of mental disorders as "diseases" led to
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eugenics and segregation
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psychological influences didn't emerge until the _____ with _____
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early 1900's
Freud |
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psychoanalytic theory linked mental disorders to ____________ and for the first time mental disorders were viewed ______
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childhood experiences
as not being inevitable |
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______ laid the foundation for studying conditioning and elimination of problematic behavior
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behaviorism
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until the late ___'s most children with mental disorders were institutionalized
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1940's
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from 1940-1955, the number of children in _____ decreased while the number of children in ________ increased
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institutions
foster families & group homes |
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who were 2 big names that showed children need contact and loving care and what did they do?
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-Rene Spitz- filmed infants with little contact & stimulation... showed impact of institutionalization
-Harlow- monkeys & comfort contact |
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in the 1950's and 1960's, _____ was the systematic approach to treatment
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behavior therapy
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currently, what happens to children with mental disorders?
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Individuals w/ Disabilaties Act (IDeA) mandates free & public education for special needs children
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determining what is normal and abnormal is a very ______ process
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arbitrary
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psychological disorders are a pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms with one or more of: (3)
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1)distress
2)disability 3)increased risk for further suffering or harm |
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many childhood problems are best depicted in terms of ____
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relationships
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labels describe ______ not ______
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behavior, not the child
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problems may be the result of children's attempts to adapt to....
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abnormal or unusual circumstances
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the ability to adapt in the environment and achieve normal developmental milestones is known as
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competence
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the idea that similar early experiences lead to different outcomes
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multifinality
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the idea that different factors lead to similar outcomes
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equifinality
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the ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk is called
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resilience
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is resilience a fixed attribute?
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no
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the protective triad is comprised of
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individual strengths of the child, the family, and the school & comunity
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1 in __ children has a significant mental health problem; 1 in __ meets criteria for a specific disorder
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1 in 5
1 in 10 |
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of children that need services, __% do not receive them; fewer than __% of children with mental health problems receive proper services
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75%
10% |
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about 1 in __ children in North America live in poverty
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1 in 6
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Violence is __ greater in girls and __ greater in boys coming from poverty
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3x
5x |
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sex differences ______ with age
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increase
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there are over ___ verified reports of maltreatment to children in US per year
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1 million
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it's estimated that more than ___ of 10-16 yr. olds experience physical and/or sexual abuse
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1/3
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lifespan implications: about __% of children will have significant difficulties throughout their lives
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20%
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children's successful adaptation depends on...
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relationships
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psychological disorders are indications of ______ in one ore more areas of development
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adaptational failures
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the developmental psychopathology perspective is a _______ for organizing the study of abnormal child psychology around _____ & ______
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macroparadigm
milestones & sequences |
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what is the time where environmental influences are enhanced called?
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sensitive periods
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child behavior is ____ determined
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multiply
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the child and then environment are ____ and interact _______
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interdependent
dynamically |
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abnormal child behavior is best studied from a _____ perspective
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multidimensional
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growth in synapses is followed by _______
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selective pruning
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the human brain develops in a _______, _______ way
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predictable, organized
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4 areas of brain relevant to psychopathology
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basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, limbic system, and frontal lobes
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what system regulates body processes through hormones and is closely related to the immune system?
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endocrine system
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in a study where angry vs. calm people were cut, what was found?
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angry people took 5-7 days longer to heal
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left side
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language and logic
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right side
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space and perception
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frontal area
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decision, reasoning, "executive"
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temporal lobe
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hearing, memory
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parietal lobe
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motor, touch
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where is the basal ganglia?
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in the caudate nucleus
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what houses emotional regulation, impulse control, emotional memory & learning, and stress & trauma?
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limbic system
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the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in what kind of disorders?
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anxiety & mood
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serotonin is related to what kind of disorders?
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sleep, aggression, eating disorders
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benzoidazepine-GABA is related to what kind of disorders?
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anxiety disorders
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norepinephrine is related to what kind of disorders?
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mood disorders
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dopamine is related to what kind of disorders?
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ADHD (reward)
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what does the brain stem do?
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regulates body functions such as breathing, sleep, survival
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what are factors in temperament?
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positive/negative or fearful/inhibited affect, effortful control
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what do emotions do?
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tell us what to pay attention to and provide motivation for action
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what shapes the childs approach to the environment and vice versa?
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temperament
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children may have difficulties in emotional _____ or ______
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reactivity or regulation
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Applied Behavior Analysis explains behavior as a function of its ______ & ______ and is related to what person/conditioning?
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-antecedents and consequences
-skinner and operant conditioning |
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classical conditioning explains behavior in terms of _________ between previously neutral and unconditioned stimuli
-what 2 people were involved? |
paired associations
-Pavlov and Watson (Little Albert) |
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_______ considers the influence of cognitive mediators, affect, and contextual variables in the etiology and maintainence of behaviors
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social learning
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_______ refers to how children think about themselves and others resulting in mental representations of self and others (i.e. sterotypes)
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social cognition
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ecological models describe the child's environment as a series of ______ & ______ structures
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nested & interconnected
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attachment came about by means of ______
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evolution
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What does an anxious-avoidant child do? How did their parent treat them?
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-turns away to hide emotions & avoid expressing
-parent was consistently hostile with child |
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What does a secure child do? How did the parent treat them?
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-gets a little upset when parent leaves but are quickly comforted with their return
-parent was very in tune with needs of child |
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What does a disorganized child do?
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-no clear pattern of behavior
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What does an anxious-resistant child do? How did their parent treat them?
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-child runs to parent then turns away
-parent was inconsistent with child |
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______ theorists study children's behavior in relation to other family members
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family systems theorists
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describe Izard's findings on emotions in infants
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-facial expressions are windows to inner emotions
-some facial expressions are inborn/universal |
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describe Kagan's findings on temperament in children
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-temperament is manifestation of inborn qualities
-temperament is relatively stable over time |
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describe Greenspan's comprehensive approach to treating children & families
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early intervention with equal attention to parent/child roles and cultural context
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