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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
ID
Xiphoid process
ID
Costal angle
ID
Anterior superior iliac spine
ID
Pubic tubercle
ID
Pubic symphysis
ID
Pubic crest
ID layer
Camper's fascia (superficial layer of superficial abdominal fascia)
Continuous with the superficial fascia of the thigh and superficial layer of the superficial fascia of the perineum
ID layer
Scarpa's fascia (deep layer of superficial abdominal fascia)
Continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh, the membranous layer of superficial perineal fascia (Colle's fascia), the superficial penile fascia and the Dartos tunic of the scrotum.
ID vessels
Superficial epigastric arteries and veins
ID
Anterior cutaneous nerves
Branches of intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)
What is contained in the lateral umbilical fold?
The inferior epigastric artery and vein
Which nerves contribute to the anterior cutaneous nerves?
Intercostal nerves (T7-T11), Subcostal nerve (T12), Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)
Which dermatome lies over the tip of the xiphoid process?
T7 dermatome
Which dermatome lies over the umbilicus?
T10 dermatome
Which dermatome lies just superior to the pubic symphysis?
T12 dermatome
Which dermatome lies over the pubic symphysis?
L1 dermatome
Which nerves give off the lateral cutaneous nerves?
The intercostal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12)
ID nerve
lateral cutaneous nerve
Anastomosis responsible for caput medusa
Superficial epigastric vein (--> femoral vein) anastomoses with the lateral thoracic vein (--> axillary vein) in the superficial fascia around the umbilicus.

Acts as a shunt in the event of hepatic portal (or inferior vena cava) hypertension.
ID muscle
External oblique muscle
Attachments:
proximal- external surfaces of ribs 5-12
distal- linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior 1/2 of iliac crest

*note: fibers run from superolateral to inferomedial

Action: compresses abdomen, flexes trunk, active in forced expiration

Innervation: Intercostal nn. (T7-T11) and subcostal n. (T12)
ID muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Attachments:
from lower 4 costal cartilages, linea alba, pubic crest, pectineal line to lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia.

Action: compresses abdomen; flexes trunk; active in forced expiration

Innervation: Intercostal nn. (T7-T11), subcostal n. (T12), iliohyogastric and ilioinguinal nn. (L1)

*Forms the intermediate layer of the inguinal canal.
ID muscle
Transversus abdominis muscle
Proximal attachments: internal surfaces of the costal cartilages of ribs 7 to 12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and lateral third of the inguinal ligament.

Distal attachments: linea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis.

Action: compresses abdomen, depresses ribs

Innervation: Intercostal nn. (T7-T11), subcostal n. (T12), iliohyogastric and ilioinguinal nn. (L1)

*Contributes to the deepest layer of the inguinal canal.
ID muscle
Transversus abdominis muscle
ID
Inguinal ligament
The inferior free edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

Attaches from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
ID
Inguinal ligament
The inferior free edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

Attaches from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
ID
Genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (L1-L2)
Relationships: splits from the genitofemoral n. and runs along the anterior surface of the psoas major m.
Enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring.

Supplies the cremaster m. and skin of the scrotum in males; supplies the skin of the labia majora in females.
ID
Round ligament of the uterus
Runs through the inguinal canal and ends in the subcutaneous CT of the labia majora; attaches to the uterus in front of/below the fallopian tube.

Remnant of the lower part of the gubernaculum.

Runs within the broad ligament of the uterus.

Contains smooth muscle fibers; holds the fundus of the uterus forward (keeps the uterus anteverted and anteflexed).
ID
Genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (L1-L2)
Relationships: splits from the genitofemoral n. and runs along the anterior surface of the psoas major m.
Enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring.

Supplies the cremaster m. and skin of the scrotum in males; supplies the skin of the labia majora in females.
ID
Round ligament of the uterus
Keeps the uterus anteverted and anteflexed (contains smooth muscle);

Runs from the uterus, through the inguinal canal and to the subcutaneous CT of the labia majora
ID
Lacunar ligament
Formed by the medial fibers of the inguinal ligament as they turn posteriorly to attach to the pectineal line of the pubis.
ID
Linea alba
Median raphe between the two rectus abdominis muscles; formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles.
Arcuate line
Crescent-shaped line marking the inferior border of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath;

Lies just below the level of the iliac crest
ID (be specific)
Lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring
The lateral crus is the portion of the external oblique aponeurosis that forms the lateral margin of the superficial inguinal ring.

It is attached to the pubic tubercle.
ID (be specific)
Medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring
The medial crus is the portion of the external oblique aponeurosis that forms the medial margin of the superficial inguinal ring.

It is attached to the pubic crest.
ID structure just superior to the probes (be specific)
Intercrural fibers
Intercrural fibers are derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique.

They span across the crura superolateral to the superficial inguinal ring. They prevent the crura from spreading apart.
External spermatic fascia
The outermost fascia of the spermatic cord;

Derived from the fascia of the external oblique.
Bounderies of inguinal canal
Anterior: aponeuroses of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles

Posterior: aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle and transversalis fascia.

Roof: arching fibers of the internal oblique and transverse muscles.

Floor: inguinal and lacunar ligaments.
ID
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
Innervates internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

Course:
Travels in the fascial plane between internal oblique and transversus;
Pierces internal oblique near (but does not go through) the deep inguinal ring; accompanies the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and then through the superficial inguinal ring.

Branches (2):
Femoral, Anterior scrotal/labial
ID muscle
pyramidalis
Note: Frequently absent

Attachments: from linea alba to pubic body

Innervation: subcostal n. (T12)

Action: tenses linea alba
ID
Inferior epigastric vessels
Note: crossed superficially by the vas deferens

Direct inguinal hernias pierce body wall MEDIAL to vessels (pass through superficial inguinal ring);

Indirect hernias pierce body wall LATERAL to vessels (pass through both deep and superficial inguinal rings)
Direct inguinal hernia
ACQUIRED hernia

Herniation occurs through the inguinal triangle, MEDIAL to the inferior epigastric vessels.
The inferior free edge of the transversus abdominis is slightly superior to the inferior free edge of the internal oblique.
Below the arch formed by these two muscles, the abdominal wall is unsupported by muscle; this weak point occurs directly posterior to the superficial inguinal ring.
Indirect inguinal hernia
CONGENITAL hernia; Associated with the persistence of the processus vaginalis.

Herniation occurs LATERAL to the inferior epigastric vessels;

Course: Passes through the deep inguinal ring, inguinal canal, and superficial inguinal ring and descends into the scrotum; covered by the peritoneum and the coverings of the spermatic cord.
Indirect inguinal hernia is found more commonly on the right side in men and is more common than direct inguinal hernia.
ID muscle
Rectus abdominis
Attachments: from the costal cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 to the symphysis and body of the pubis.

Action: flexes the trunk.

Innervation: Intercostal nn. (T7-T11) and subcostal n. (T12)
Components of the anterior layer of the rectus sheath
Above the arcuate line: aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique.

Below the arcuate line: aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
Rectus sheath above and below the arcuate line
Epigastric anastomoses
The superior epigastric vessels anastomose with the inferior epigastric vessels within the rectus sheath.

If the inferior vena cava becomes obstructed, the anastomosis between the inferior epigastric and superior epigastric veins provides a collateral venous channel that drains into the superior vena cava.

If the aorta is occluded, collateral arterial circulation to the lower part of the body occurs through the superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
Umbilical folds
Folds of peritoneum

Median umbilical fold: contains the urachus (obliterated allantois); Lies between the transversalis fascia and the peritoneum and extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus.

Medial umbilical folds: remnant of the obliterated umbilical artery; extends from the side of the bladder to the umbilicus

Lateral umbilical folds: covers the inferior epigastric vessels; extends from the medial side of the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line.
ID fascia
Transversalis fascia
The lining fascia of the entire abdominopelvic cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the inner surface of the abdominal muscles.

Gives rise to the: deep inguinal ring, femoral sheath and internal spermatic fascias

Continuous with: diaphragmatic, psoas, iliac, pelvic, and quadratus lumborum fascia
Layers of fascia of the spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia: derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique

Cremasteric fascia (cremaster muscle and fascia): originates in the internal oblique muscle

Internal spermatic fascia: derived from the transversalis fascia.
Components of the spermatic cord
1. Ductus deferens
2. Testicular a.
3. Cremasteric a.
4. Artery of the vas deferens
5. Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins
6. Genital branch of the genitofemoral n.
7. Cremasteric n.
8. Testicular sympathetic plexus
9. Lymph vessels
Subcostal n.
Ventral ramus of T12;

Just like the intercostal nerves, except BELOW the ribs, not between.

Innervates the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, and has a lateral cutaneous branch that innervates the skin along the side of the hip, as well as an anterior cutaneous branch that innervates the skin just above the pubic symphysis.
ID nerve
Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
Innervates the internal oblique and transversus abdominis;

Gives off a lateral cutaneous branch to the skin of the lateral side of the butt and an anterior cutaneous branch to the skin above the pubis.
Cremasteric reflex
A drawing up of the testis by contraction of the cremaster muscle when the skin on the upper medial side of the thigh is stroked.

Efferent limb: the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2);

Afferent limb: femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2) and also of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1).