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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is the adrenal gland normally seen in ultrasound?
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No.
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If you do visualize an adrenal gland, what might it be?
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If you do see one, note it, because it can be a life threatening adrenal gland tumor. Can cause hypertension in young men.
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What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?
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1) Adrenal cortex
2) Adrenal medulla |
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What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost?
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1) Zona glomerulosa
2) Zona fasciculata 3) Zona reticularis (Think GFR) |
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What is produced in the zona glomerulosa?
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Aldosterone
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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It promotes sodium retension and potassium elimination.
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What are the effects of having
1) no 2) too much aldosterone? |
1) death
2) hypertension |
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What is produced by the zona fasciculata?
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Cortisol
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What are some of the functions of cortisol?
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1. Glucogenesis
2. Circadian rhythms 3. Memory, learning, mood 4. Skeletal muscle breakdown etc. |
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Cortisol is used as an _______.
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immunodepressant
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Hypercortisolism (excessive cortisol production) causes ____ ____.
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Cushing's Syndrome
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Hypocortisolim causes ___ ____.
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Addison's Disease
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What is produced in the zona reticularis?
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Androgens, and to some extent, estrogens
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What is produced in the adrenal medulla?
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Catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepenephrine.
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What are the functions of the catecholamines?
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To stimulate "fight or flight" response, increase plasma glucose, etc.
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What is an (often benign) tumor of the adrenal gland?
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Phaeochromocytoma
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What are the symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?
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1. Headache
2. Excessive sweating 3. Elevated heart rate which subsides in < 1 hour |
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What are cysts often mistaken for?
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1) hydronephrosis
2) AAA |
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All tumors of the kidney should be regarded as _____, because benign disease is rare.
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malignant
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What is a benign kidney tumor, consisting of fat and blood vessels?
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Angiomyolipoma = Renal hamartoma
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What is a benign counterpart of renal cell carcinoma?
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Adenoma
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What is a benign counterpart of Wilms' tumor?
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Mesoblastic nephroma
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What is a large, well encapsulated adenoma?
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Oncocytoma
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What is the most common (malignant) renal cell carcinoma? (test question)
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hypernephroma
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What are the characteristics of hypernephroma?
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1) Usually unilateral
2) Can metastasize to other organs easily 3) Patients present with pain, hematuria, and palpable mass 4) Can be treated with nephrectomy and wedge resection |
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What is a malignant renal cancer which mostly affects the collecting system (the pelvis, urinary system, and bladder)?
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Transitional cell carcinoma
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Where does transitional cell carcinoma usually originate?
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The lining of the ureters, most commonly in males
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What can transitional cell carcinoma result in?
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Hydronephrosis
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Spread of renal cell carcinoma is relatively uncommon because the kidney is covered by ____ _____.
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Gerota's fascia
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What are common risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?
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1) Smoking
2) Obesity 3) Hypertension 4) Long term dialysis 5) Asbestos exposure 6) Genetics |
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In general, the prognosis for renal cell cancer is (bad / good). (test question)
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good (90%+)
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Radiation and chemotherapy are (effective / ineffective) for kidney cancers.
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ineffective
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What is a common starting location for renal cell carcinoma?
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Proximal renal tubular epithelium
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A patient suspected to have von Hippel-Landau disease should be evaluated for ____ masses.
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renal
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