Abac Biol 3500 Chapter 1 Microorganisms And Microbiology Spring 2015

Front 1

The study of microorganisms and viruses is ______

Back 1

Microbiology

Front 2

The _____ is a dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

Back 2

Cell

Front 3

________ is a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Back 3

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

Front 4

The _____ is a structure found outside the cell membrane in most microbes, confers structural strength

Back 4

Cell wall

Front 5

_________ is the chemical transformation of nutrients in a cell

Back 5

Metabolism

Front 6

____ is the generation of two cells from one.

Back 6

Reproduction

Front 7

Generation of, and response to, chemical signals between cells is _____

Back 7

Communication

Front 8

Protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions are ______

Back 8

Enzymes

Front 9

DNA produces RNA during _______

Back 9

Transcription

Front 10

RNA makes protein during _______

Back 10

Translation

Front 11

Populations of interacting assemblages of microbes are ____

Back 11

microbial communities

Front 12

The environment in which a microbial population lives is a _____

Back 12

Habitat

Front 13

A group of cells (or organisms) derived from a single cell is a _______

Back 13

Population

Front 14

_____ refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

Back 14

Ecosystem

Front 15

The study of microbes in their natural environment is _____

Back 15

Microbial ecology

Front 16

_______ is the common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

Back 16

Last universal common ancestor (LUCA):

Front 17

Earth is _____ years old

Back 17

4.6 billion

Front 18

First cells appeared between _____ years ago

Back 18

3.8 and 3.9 billion

Front 19

The atmosphere was anoxic until ____years ago

Back 19

~2 billion

Front 20

Metabolisms of early cells were exclusively anaerobic until evolution of oxygen-producing _______

Back 20

phototrophs

Front 21

Life was exclusively microbial until _____ years ago

Back 21

~1 billion

Front 22

Where are most microbial cells are found?

Back 22

oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces

Front 23

______ are microbes capable of causing infectious diseases

Back 23

Pathogens microbes that live in and on a host microbial (normal) flora

Front 24

Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water is _______

Back 24

nutrient cycling

Front 25

___ is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.

Back 25

bioremediation

Front 26

_____ is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation.

Back 26

biofuel

Front 27

________ was the scientist who was the first to describe microbes and coined the term cell.

Back 27

Robert Hooke

Front 28

________ was the scientist who was the first to describe bacteria (1674) and protozoa

Back 28

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Front 29

________ was the scientist who founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores

Back 29

Ferdinand Cohn

Front 30

_____ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

Back 30

Spontaneous generation

Front 31

________ was the first scientist to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation. Demonstrated that maggots come from eggs of flies.

Back 31

Francesco Redi

Front 32

__________ discovery of bacteria opened the spontaneous generation debate again.

Back 32

Leeuwenhoek's

Front 33

The experiment of ________ seemed to support spontaneous generation. He placed nutrient broth in flasks, heated one. Control was not heated. Microbial growth occurred in both flask.

Back 33

John Needham

Front 34

What are the reasons that Needham's experiment resulted in growth in all flask?

Back 34

1. Not heated enough.
2. Microbes in the air.

Front 35

The experiment of ________ supported biogenesis. He placed nutrient broth in flasks, sealed one and then boiled both. No microbial growth occurred in sealed flask. No growth in open flask.

Back 35

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Front 36

________ was the scientist who proposed that air was a vital force for living things.

Back 36

Antoine Lavosier

Front 37

________ was the scientist who showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore state when subjected to an environment deleterious to the vegetative state.

Back 37

Ferdinand Cohn

Front 38

________ was the scientist who proposed biogenesis

Back 38

Rudolf Virchow

Front 39

______ is the theory that all life comes from life.

Back 39

biogenesis

Front 40

________ was the scientist who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

Back 40

Louis Pasteur

Front 41

________ was the scientist who disproved theory of spontaneous generation using swan-necked flask.

Back 41

Louis Pasteur

Front 42

________ was the scientist who developed methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique).

Back 42

Louis Pasteur

Front 43

________ was the scientist who discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers (chirality).

Back 43

Louis Pasteur

Front 44

________ was the scientist who developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

Back 44

Louis Pasteur

Front 45

________ was the scientist who discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical).

Back 45

Louis Pasteur

Front 46

________ is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.

Back 46

Fermentation

Front 47

________ was the scientist who discovered that microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar.

Back 47

Louis Pasteur

Front 48

________ was the scientist who demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases.

Back 48

Robert Koch

Front 49

________ was the scientist who identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis.

Back 49

Robert Koch

Front 50

________ was the scientist who developed postulates that are still used to link specific an organism to the disease that it causes.

Back 50

Robert Koch

Front 51

________ was the scientist who developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes.

Back 51

Robert Koch

Front 52

________ was the scientist who developed enrichment culture technique.

Back 52

Martinus Beijerinck

Front 53

________ was the scientist who demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S & N cycles)

Back 53

Sergei Winogradsky

Front 54

________ was the scientist who proposed concept of chemolithotrophy: oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation.

Back 54

Sergei Winogradsky

Front 55

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

Back 55

Microbial systematics

Front 56

The study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate.

Back 56

Microbial physiology

Front 57

The study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats.

Back 57

Microbial ecology

Front 58

The study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions.

Back 58

Microbial biochemistry

Front 59

The study of heredity and genetic variation in microbes.

Back 59

Microbial genetics

Front 60

The study of viruses and subviral particles.

Back 60

Virology

Front 61

The study of nucleic acids and proteins.

Back 61

Molecular biology

Front 62

The study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells.

Back 62

Genomics

Front 63

The study of infectious diseases.

Back 63

Medical microbiology

Front 64

The study of immune systems.

Back 64

Immunology

Front 65

The study of microbial diversity and processes in soil.

Back 65

Agricultural microbiology and Soil microbiology

Front 66

The study of microbial processes in water, wastewater and drinking water safety.

Back 66

Aquatic microbiology and marine microbiology

Front 67

The manipulation of cellular genomes of microbes to produce a desired product.

Back 67

Biotechnology

Front 68

The large-scale production of microbial products.

Back 68

Industrial microbiology

Front 69

What are the reasons that it is not always possible to satisfy all of Koch's postulates for every infectious disease?

Back 69

1. Animal models not always available (cause disease only in humans )
2. Some microbes cause more than one disease
3. Some diseases are caused by multiple different microbes
4. Some microbes cannot be grown in culture outside a living host

Front 70

Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring is _____

Back 70

Evolution

Front 71

What is Koch’s Postulate #1?

Back 71

The same pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.

Front 72

What is Koch’s Postulate #2?

Back 72

The pathogen must be grown in pure culture from the diseased host.

Front 73

What is Koch’s Postulate #3?

Back 73

The same disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microbe is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.

Front 74

What is Koch’s Postulate #4?

Back 74

The pathogen must then be recovered from the experimentally infected host and shown to be the original organism.

Front 75

Why are microbes excellent models for understanding cellular processes?

Back 75

1. Grow in high numbers
2. Reproduce rapidly
3. Share characteristics with higher organisms
4. Have great diversity

Front 76

The plasma membrane functions as a ______ membrane

Back 76

semi-permeable

Front 77

Evolution is typically ______ (faster/slower) in microbes.

Back 77

faster

Front 78

Quorum sensing is an example of ________ between microbes.

Back 78

communication

Front 79

The diversity of microbial communities is controlled by the ___ and ______ of their habitat.

Back 79

resources
conditions

Front 80

First cells were ________ (aerobes/anaerobes)

Back 80

anaerobes

Front 81

Anoxygenic phototrophs appeared ________ (before/after) oxygenic phototrophs.

Back 81

before

Front 82

The majority of the biomass on earth is in _________

Back 82

microbes

Front 83

_________ are microbes that produce natural gas.

Back 83

methanogens

Front 84

The conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia and nitrate is _________

Back 84

nitrogen fixation

Front 85

_________ is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves to and from minerals (including the waterways) and living systems.

Back 85

Sulfur cycling