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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Schedules of Differential Reinforcement

-reinforcement affects the probability of the response that it follows and the time interval between the response and the one before it

Concept or IRI (Inter-response time)

r1---------------r2 SR+


r1 -----------r2


time


-the functional relationship between IRT and response rate


*the shorter the IRT, the higher response rate


*the longer the IRT, the lower the response rate

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

-Day 1 r1--r2--r3--r4--r5


-Day 2 r1--------------r2


-quota system

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

-form of punishment, punishment by postponement of reinforcement

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

-positive reinforcement strengthen behavior that is physically incompatible

Establishing New Behavior With Shaping

-many behaviors that we can learn exist as complex chains orhave intricate topographies -it ispossible that an individual can’t even make the first most vaguely relatedresponse toward a new behavior and therefore can’t receive any reinforcement


-*thedifferential reinforcement of successive approximations toward terminalbehavior*

Shaping

-the differential reinforcement of successive approximations toward a terminal behavior

Differential Reinforcement

-narrowing down the range of features you're going to reinforce


-positive reinforcement


-extinction

Succesive Approximations

-small steps


-shifting criterion for positive refinforcement

A Special Application of Extinction

-there are times when the learner is not able to transition into the next step


-extinction increases variability and therefore gives you more to select from

The modification and generalization of voice loudness in a 15 year old retarded girl (Jackson & Wallace, JABA)

-aphronia

Rules for Effective & Efficient Shaping

-select terminal behavior


-determine criterion for success


-identify steps in the progression


-eliminate interfering or extraneous stimuli


-raise criteria in small increments


-moving at a correct pace


-alternate between continuous & differential reinforcement


-quit when you are ahead

Stimulus Control

-a stimulus control is said to develop over our responses in that they occur at particular times and in particular situations while not at others

Stimulus Control

E^A -> M -> E^C


antecedent movement consequent


event event

Discrimination Training

-When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus while that same behavior is placed on extinction in the presence of a different stimuli





Discrimination Training

S^D




*The stimulus that is present when we reinforce thatbehavior is called a discriminative stimulus.




Or



SDelta


(when we do not reinforce)

Prompting

-a specific type of discriminative stimulus is called a prompt


-a prompt is a supplementary stimulus that initiates a behavior

Prompting

-There are several different kinds of prompts;


-verbal prompts: include spoken or written words in the form of signs, directions, recipes, detailed instructions, or even hints

Instructional Training

1) a verbal description of the behavior is provided


2) the learner produces the behavior


3) reinforcement is arranged to occur

Types of Prompts

-verbal


-physical appearance: physically touching the learner, modeling or imitating

Imitation Training/Modeling

1) a behavioral demonstration is provided


2) the learner produces the behavior


3) reinforcement is arranged to occur

Fading

-the purpose of prompting is that of initial help


-the goal is to ultimately transfer control away from those initial prompts to more natural S^Ds so that the behavior can stand alone


-when we gradually reduce the number or intensity of prompts a transfer of stimulus control occurs



Vanish the Supplementary Stimulus

-taking out the helping stimulus


-example : training wheels

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