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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Schedules of Differential Reinforcement |
-reinforcement affects the probability of the response that it follows and the time interval between the response and the one before it |
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Concept or IRI (Inter-response time) |
r1---------------r2 SR+ r1 -----------r2 time -the functional relationship between IRT and response rate *the shorter the IRT, the higher response rate *the longer the IRT, the lower the response rate |
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Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates |
-Day 1 r1--r2--r3--r4--r5 -Day 2 r1--------------r2 -quota system |
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Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) |
-form of punishment, punishment by postponement of reinforcement |
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Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) |
-positive reinforcement strengthen behavior that is physically incompatible |
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Establishing New Behavior With Shaping |
-many behaviors that we can learn exist as complex chains orhave intricate topographies -it ispossible that an individual can’t even make the first most vaguely relatedresponse toward a new behavior and therefore can’t receive any reinforcement -*thedifferential reinforcement of successive approximations toward terminalbehavior* |
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Shaping |
-the differential reinforcement of successive approximations toward a terminal behavior |
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Differential Reinforcement |
-narrowing down the range of features you're going to reinforce -positive reinforcement -extinction |
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Succesive Approximations |
-small steps -shifting criterion for positive refinforcement |
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A Special Application of Extinction |
-there are times when the learner is not able to transition into the next step -extinction increases variability and therefore gives you more to select from |
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The modification and generalization of voice loudness in a 15 year old retarded girl (Jackson & Wallace, JABA) |
-aphronia |
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Rules for Effective & Efficient Shaping |
-select terminal behavior -determine criterion for success -identify steps in the progression -eliminate interfering or extraneous stimuli -raise criteria in small increments -moving at a correct pace -alternate between continuous & differential reinforcement -quit when you are ahead |
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Stimulus Control |
-a stimulus control is said to develop over our responses in that they occur at particular times and in particular situations while not at others |
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Stimulus Control |
E^A -> M -> E^C antecedent movement consequent event event |
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Discrimination Training |
-When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus while that same behavior is placed on extinction in the presence of a different stimuli |
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Discrimination Training |
S^D *The stimulus that is present when we reinforce thatbehavior is called a discriminative stimulus. Or
SDelta (when we do not reinforce) |
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Prompting |
-a specific type of discriminative stimulus is called a prompt -a prompt is a supplementary stimulus that initiates a behavior |
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Prompting |
-There are several different kinds of prompts; -verbal prompts: include spoken or written words in the form of signs, directions, recipes, detailed instructions, or even hints |
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Instructional Training |
1) a verbal description of the behavior is provided 2) the learner produces the behavior 3) reinforcement is arranged to occur |
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Types of Prompts |
-verbal -physical appearance: physically touching the learner, modeling or imitating |
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Imitation Training/Modeling |
1) a behavioral demonstration is provided 2) the learner produces the behavior 3) reinforcement is arranged to occur |
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Fading |
-the purpose of prompting is that of initial help -the goal is to ultimately transfer control away from those initial prompts to more natural S^Ds so that the behavior can stand alone -when we gradually reduce the number or intensity of prompts a transfer of stimulus control occurs |
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Vanish the Supplementary Stimulus |
-taking out the helping stimulus -example : training wheels |
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