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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease causing the most deaths overall |
Heart Disease |
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Cancer with the highest mortality
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Lung Cancer
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Cancer with the highest mortality in males
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Lung Cancer
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Cancer with the highest mortality in females
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Lung Cancer
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Most common cause of death for adolescents
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Motor Vehicle Accidents
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Most common cancer in females
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Breast Cancer
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Most common cancer in males
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Prostate Cancer
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Most common type of cancer overall (males/females)
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Skin Cancer |
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Most common type of skin cancer (males and females)
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Basal Cell Cancer
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Skin cancer with highest mortality
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Melanoma
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Gynecological cancers include cancers of
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Vulva, Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Ovary
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Most common gynecological cancer
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Uterine/Endometrial |
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Second most common gynecological cancer
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Ovarian
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Chronic bony growth located midline in the hard palate (benign physiological variant)
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Torus palatinus
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A tongue with multiple fissures and irregular smoother areas on its surface that make it look like a topographic map. May complain of soreness after eating or drinking acidic substances (benign physiological variant)
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Geographical tongue
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Slow growing white plaque that has a firm to hard surface that is slightly raised on the tongue or inside the mouth.
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Leukoplakia. Precancerous and not a benign physiological variant. Sometimes due to poorly fitting dentures, chewing tobacco. Refer patient for biopsy d/t potential of becoming malignant.
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Painless white patch or patches that appears corrugated. Located on lateral aspects of tongue and is associated with HIV/AIDS. Caused by Epstein Barr virus infection of tongue. Not pre-malignant
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Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL)
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USPSTF recommended guidelines on mammogram screenings
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Baseline mammogram at age 50 (w/ or w/o CBE), then biennially until age 75. For women 40-49, mammograms are based on individual factors.
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USPSTF recommended guidelines on ovarian cancer screenings
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Routine screenings not recommended
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When do you rule out ovarian cancer?
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Older women c/o vague abd/pelvic symptoms (stomach boating, low back ache, constipation) and is found to have a palpable ovary on bimanual exam.
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What is the initial workup for ovarian cancer?
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Intravaginal ultrasound and CA 125
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What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
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Early menarche or late menopause, nulliparity, endometriosis, PCOS, family hx of ovarian cancer. Women w/ BRCA 1 and 2 mutations are also high risk for breast or ovarian cancer.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for cervical cancer?
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Baseline at age 21 then every 3 years. Not necessary if hysterectomy with removal of cervix.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for prostate cancer?
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Routine screening is not recommended |
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for testicular cancer?
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Routine screening is not recommended
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for colon cancer? |
Age 50 to 75. Baseline at 50 years. Use high-sensitivity fecal occult blood test yearly, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for skin cancer counseling? |
Age 10 to 24 years. Educate fair skinned persons to avoid sunlight between 10a.m. and 3p.m., use sunblock SPF 15 or higher.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for smoking cessation?
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Ask all adolescents and adults about tobacco use.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults?
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Age 65 years or older, moderate-intensity aerobic activity for 150 mins or 2.5 hours per week (brisk walking).
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Who is at high risk for ovarian cancer?
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Ashkenazi Jew, BRCA gene, family hx of 2 or more first or second degree relatives.
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What are the USPSTF screening guidelines for AAA?
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One time screening only on men age 65-75 who are cigarette smokers. Screening test is ultrasound of the abdomen.
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What is Barrett's Esophagus?
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Precancerous lesion of esophageal cancer.
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How often do people with Barrett's Esophagus have endoscopic exams with biopsy?
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Annually or every 6 months for high grade lesions.
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What is one of the treatment regimens for people with Barrett's esophagus?
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High dose PPIs for a lifetime.
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What is the first-line treatment for mild, uncomplicated GERD ?
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Lifestyle changes (avoid eating 3 to 4 hours before bedtime, dietary changes, weight loss if overweight.
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When should you consider referral to a gastroenterologist for upper endoscopy?
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If patient is high risk for esophageal cancer (age 50 years or older, smoker, chronic GERD). |
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Tanner Stage I for Girls
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Prepubertal pattern
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Tanner Stage II for Girls
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Breast bud and areola start to develop
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Tanner Stage III for Girls
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Breast continues to grow with nipples/areola (one mount/no separation).
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Tanner Stage IV for Girls
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Nipples and areola become elevated from the breast (a secondary mount).
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Tanner Stage V for Girls
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Adult Pattern
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Tanner Stage I for Boys
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Prepubertal Pattern
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Tanner Stage II for Boys
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Tests with scrotum starts to enlarge (scrotal skin starts to get dark/more ruggae).
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Tanner Stage III for Boys
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Penis grows longer (length) and tests/scrotum continues to become longer.
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Tanner Stage IV for Boys
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Penis becomes wider and continues growing in length (tests are larges with darker scrotal skin and more ruggae). |
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Tanner Stage V for Boys |
Adult pattern
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What are the characteristics of physiological gynecomastia?
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Disc like breast tissue that is mobile under each nipple/areola, breast may be tender, and the breast can be asymmetrical (one breast larger than the other).
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Who is at highest risk for pseudo-gynecomastia?
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Overweight to obese males
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Foods with high tyramine content can cause dangerous interactions with what class of drug?
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MAOI inhibitors (Marplan, Nardil, Parnate)
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Gluten should be avoided with what disease process?
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Celiac disease/celiac sprue
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What are examples of goods with gluten?
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wheat (spelt and kamut), rye, barley, oats
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What are plant sterols and sterols responsible for?
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Reducing cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides.
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What are examples of sterols?
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Benecol spread, wheat germ, sesame oil, corn oil, peanuts
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What are monounsaturated fats and fatty acids helpful in treating?
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Reduces risk of heart disease |
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What are examples of foods high in monounsaturated fats and fatty acids?
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Olive oil, canola oil, some nuts like almonds, walnuts, sunflower oil/seeds.
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What diet is high in monounsaturated fats and fatty acids?
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Mediterranean diet
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What are saturated fats and trans fats responsible for?
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Increasing risk of heart disease
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What are examples of saturated fats and trans fats?
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Lard, beef fat, deep fried fast foods
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What do Omega-3 and fish oils help treat?
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Reduces the risk of heart disease |
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What are examples of Omega-3 and fish oils?
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Fatty cold water fish (salmon, fish oils, flaxseed oils, and krill oil.
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What does dietary magnesium do? |
Decrease blood pressure , dilates blood vessels. |
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What foods are high in magnesium? |
Nuts, beans, whole what, |
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What does dietary potassium do? |
Decrease BP |
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What foods are high in potassium? |
Most fruits and some vegetables |
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What is folate responsible for? |
Decreases homocysteine levels and fetal neural defects |
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Who is at higher risk for NSAID and aspirin allergies? |
People with nasal polyps and atopic history. |
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What reaction is anaphylaxis classified as? |
Type I IgE-Dependant |
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What is the most common trigger for anaphylaxis in children? |
Food |
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What is the most common trigger for anaphylaxis in adults? |
Insect stings and medications |
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What age is considered young gerontological? |
65-84 |
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What age is considered frail elderly? |
85 and older |
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What amount of weight loss is considered pathological? |
10% |
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Describe the rash of scarlatina. |
Sandpaper like texture and is accompanied by a sore throat, strawberry tongue, and skin desquamination of the palms and soles. Not pruritic. |
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Describe the rash of impetigo. |
Initially appear as papules that develop into bullae that rupture easily, become superficial, bright red weeping rashes with honey colored exudate that crusts as it dries. Very pruritic. |
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Describe rash of larva migrans. |
Creeping eruptions are shaped like red raised wavy lines that are alone or few. They are red and very pruritic, become excoriated from scratching. Maculopapular. |
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What is the preferred treatment of larva migrans? |
Ivermectin once a day for 1-2 days or albendazole for 3 days. |
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How is larva migrans contracted? |
The areas of the body that are commonly exposed to soil and sand such as hands and feet or buttocks are most common locations. |
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What is the preferred first-line antibiotic for AOM and acute sinusitis in both children and adults? |
Amoxicillin. |
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What is the second line antibiotic for AOM or acute sinusitis? Also used for treatment failure |
Augmentin BID or Cefdinir (omnicef) BID |
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What is the alternative drug used when someone is allergic to PCN? |
Azithromycin (Z-pack) and clarithromycin (Biaxin) BID. |
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What drug is used for symptomatic treatment of AOM and acute sinusitis? |
Pseudophedrine. Not for use in children, infants, or those with HTN. Nasal steroid spray BID can also be used. |
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Which location is the best to auscultate the S3 heart sound? |
Pulmonic area |
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What is the S3 heart sound indicate? |
Heart failure |
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When administering the TB skin (Mantoux) test, what is considered positive? |
Must be indurated. |
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What is the gold standard for diagnosing TB? |
sputum culture. |
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What labs are ordered prior to starting isoniazid? |
LFTs |
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What is another name for DJD? |
OA |
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What is another name for eczema? |
Atopic dermatitis |
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What is another name for arcus senilis? |
Senile arcus |
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What is another name for AOM? |
Purulent Otitis Media |
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What is another name for serous otitis media? |
OM w/ effusions, Middle ear effusion |
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What is another name for Group A Beta Streptococcus? |
Strep pyogenes |
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What is another name for tinea corporis? |
Ringworm |
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What is another name for pinworms? |
enterobiasis |
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What is another name for Vitamin B12? |
cobalamin, cyanocobalamin |
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What is another name for Vitamin B1 |
Thiamine |
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What is another name for scarlet fever? |
Scarlatina |
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What is another name for otitis externa? |
Swimmer's Ear |
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What is another name for condyloma acuminata? |
Genital warts |
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What is another name for tic douloureaux? |
Trigeminal neuralgia |
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What is another name for tinea cruris? |
Jock itch |
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What is another name for Thalassemia minor? |
Thalassemia trait |
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What is another name for Giant Cell Arteritis? |
Temporal Arteritis |
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What is another name for psoas sign? |
Ilipsoas muscle sign |
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What is another name for tinea capitis? |
Ringworm of the scalp |
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What is another name for the light reflex? |
Hirschsprung test |
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What is another name for sentinel nodes? |
Virchow's nodes |
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What is another name for the PPD test? |
Mantoux or TB test |
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What is another name for erythema migrans? |
early Lyme Disease |
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What is another name for sinusitis? |
Rhinosinusitis |
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What drug class is the first line treatment of major depression and OCD? |
SSRIs |
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What drug class is the first line treatment of anxiety and insomnia? |
benzodiazepines |
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What is the second line treatment for depression? |
TCAs |
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What other diseases can TCAs treat? |
Prophylactic migraines, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, |
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What are examples of TCAs |
amitriptyline (Elavil), nortriptyline (Pamelor) |
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Who can't be prescribed TCAs and why? |
People who are suicidal due to risk of hoarding and overdosing. |
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What is the first line treatment for OCD, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and PMS? |
SSRIs. Citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and parocetine (Paxil) |
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What can the anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine (Tegretol) be used for? |
chronic pain and trigeminal neuralgia |
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What does the alcohol screening tool CAGE stand for? |
C: do you feel the need to cut back? A: are you annoyed when your friends/family ask about your drinking? G: Do you feel guilty about drinking? E: Do you need to drink early in the morning (Eye-Opener) |
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What drug class is preferred for hypertensive patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis? |
Thiazide diuretics |
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INR 3.0 -5.0 W/ No Bleeding |
skip 1 dose. decrease maintenance dose. If only minimally prolonged, no need to decrease dose. Check INR in 1-2 days until normal. |
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INR 5.0-9.0 W/ No Bleeding |
omit a dose and givea small dose of oral vitamin K. or omit next 1-2 doses of warfarin. Daily INR monitoring until normal. Decrease daily maintenance dose. |
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#1 bacterium in CAP |
streptococous pneumoniae |
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#2 bacterium in CAP |
haemophilus influenzae |
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#1 bacterium in atypical pneumomia |
mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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1st line tx for COPD |
atrovent (anticholinergic) |
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What bacteria is more likely to cause pneumonia in someone with COPD or a smoker? |
H. influenzae |
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Tx of bronchitis |
increase fluids and rest. Dextromethorphan BID -QID antitussive tessalon perles tid antitussive guaifenesin expectorant mucolytic |
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s/s pertussis |
14 days of one of the following: paroxysmal coughing inspiratory whooping or post tussive vomiting without apparent cause also accompanied by low grade fever, rhinorrhea |
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tx of pertussis |
first line - macrolides z pack 500mg day 1 them 250 day 2-5 biaxin bid for 7 days chemoprophylaxis close contacts resp drop iso antitussives mucolytics rest hydration frequent small meals tdap booster age 11 on |
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penicillins |
amoxicillin, PCN VK |
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macrolides |
erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin |
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cephalosporins 1st gen |
keflex |
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cephalosporins 2nd gen |
cefaclor, ceftin, cefzil |
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cephalosporins 3rd gen |
rocephin, suprax, omnicef |
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quinolones |
cipro, oflaxacin |
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quinolones with gram + coverage |
levaquin, avelox, tequin |
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sulfa |
bactrim, macrobid |
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tetracyclines |
tetra, doxy, mino |
