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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rf value |
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The rxn (malic to males acid and fumeric acid) occurs most readily with 3˚ OH, has a carbocation intermediate, involves the loss of H2O -The fact that both fumeric and malic acid are produced means that the dehydration of malic acid is NOT stereospecific (SN1 = racemization since p orbital attacked form either side) |
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E1 elimination |
-Product is ALKENE C=C -Carbocation intermediate -Unimolecular rate law; R = k[substrate] -Can get SN1 if works as base (not bimolecular like E2) |
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Possible products for SN1 reaction |
Can get either R or S -can get a double bond for most substituted C -be weary of carbocation shifts |
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Gas liquid chromatography |
First to be captured will have lowest BP (lowest IMF and lowest MW) It will migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the trace |
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What is removed during fisher esterification |
The O that remains is from the ethanol -The carboxyl OH (or the ketone) is protonated (one or twice) and then kicked off. |
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Focal length of eye |
distance from the cornea to the retina (Lens retina distance) |
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The power or strength of a lens is: |
The inverse of focal length (distance b/w lens-retina) S = 1/ƒ therefore S = 1/O + 1/I |
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Which of the following will decrease the % of ionization of 1.M acetic acid (CH3CO2)? A. Diluting the solution B. Adding concentrated HCL C. Chlorinating the CH3 group |
HCl -Its a strong acid that will increase the amount of H+ in solution and thus decrease the percentage of acetic aid that ionizes (Le chateliers) |
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How do you find index of refraction (when you have speed of light in medium) |
n = c / v n= index of refraction c= speed of light (3x10^8) v = given |
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The intensity of radiation emitted by object is directly proportional to the: A. Propagation speed of radiation B. Wavelength of radiation C. Polarization of photons emitted D. Number of photons emitted |
D. Energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the # of photons, and intensity of radiation is defined as energy emitted per unit time. (I is directly proportional to # of photons emitted) |
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How much is 1 teraHz |
1 teraHz = 1 x 10 ^-12 Hz |
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What is the energy of photons emitted by LED at frequency of 610 THz? (h = 6.6 x 10^-34) |
E = hƒ (of E = ch/lambda) 1 THz = 10^12 Hz Answer: 4 x10 -19 J |
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Stereospecific reactions produce how many products? |
Just one (and no isomers) |
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Standard atmospheric pressure in atm, mmHg, torr, kPa |
1 atm 101.3kPa 760 mmHg or torr |
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How to get work generated with power and time |
Power = work / time TIME IN SECONDS |
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What residue was phosphorylated |
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Why is velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries? A. Capillary walls are more elastic than arterial walls B. Capillaries have less resistance to blood flow than arteries C. The total cross sectional area of capillaries exceeds that of arteries. |
High number of capillaries in body means that the total cross sectional area of the vessels is larger than any other vessel type in circulatory system. -causes velocity to decrease |
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What type or orbital of central atom are involved in bonding in octahedral compounds? |
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What hybridization is involved in changing molecule from cis to trans? |
sp2 Carbon bonded to three things |
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What type of hybridization is a double bond? |
sp2 (sp is only alkyne or C=C=C, bonded to only 2 atoms) |
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Compared to WT LipA, what is the change in the net charge in the variant? |
WT (+2) Variant (-2) Net change is -4 Note: K is lysine which is basic |
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Types of glycosidic bonds in glycogen |
alpha 1,4 (linear - bond formed by glycogen synthase) (not β 1,4 which is found in cellulose) alpha 1,6 is responsible for branching |
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Lactose |
Glucose + galactose joined by β-1,4-glycosidic linkage |
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Glycogen with a higher percentage of branching has more of what type of bond? |
alpha 1,6-glycosidic linkages (these cause branching) |
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Gamma decay happens when nucleus |
emits a photon |
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What can not be used to express power? |
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If a mutation of a gene is only present in cancerous cells, can the mutation be inherited? |
Since it is not present in all cells, the mutation is a somatic, not germ line, mutation. -Therefore, the mutation can not be inherited |
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Nicotinamide is synthesized from tryptophan. Nicotinamide nucleotides are neither oxidized nor reduced during which step of cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis B. Chemiosmosis C. Citric Acid cycle D. Electron transport chain |
Nicotinamide nucleotides (NADH, NAD+) Are not reduced/oxidized during chemiosmosis (Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient) |
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Chemiosmosis |
is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. Ex. is generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. |
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ATPase |
class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP + phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation rxn releases energy, which the enzyme harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. |
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Number of ring in steroid |
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Axons generally have which of the following concentrations of ions INTERNALLY (relative to extra-cellular space)? |
High K+ low Na+ low Cl- |
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The membrane of a typical resting neuron is largely impermeable to a. Na+. b. K+. c. Cl-. d. none of the above. |
Na+ |
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Which approaches does NOT measure the activity of the Na+K+ ATPase? A. Measuring the rate of ATP hydrolysis B. Measuring the free energy of the ion transport C. Measuring the rate of ADP production D. Measuring the change in ion conc. w/in the liposome |
B. Measuring the free energy of the ion transport ENZYMES WORK IN KINETICS NOT THERMODYNAMICS |
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What is the function of the Na+K+ ATPase during a neuronal action potential? A. Stimulation of AP B. Depolarization of the membrane C. Hyperpolarization of the membrane D. Restoration of the resting potential |
Functions to restoring resting membrane potential by moving ions against concentration gradients 3 Na OUT 2 K IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
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What is the function of a transcription factor? |
Bind to DNA and subsequently recruit RNA polymerase (are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes) |
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What is the most likely mechanism for entry into cell (receptor mediated, active transport, ion channel, or diffusion) |
Sufficient planarity and hydrophobicity to pass through the membrane by simple diffusion. |
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PKC |
(Protein Kinase C) family of protein kinase enzymes involved in controlling function of other proteins thru the phosphorylation of OH groups of serine and threonine. Involved in signal transduction cascades |
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Disruption of the mitochondria occurs after: |
Apoptotic machinery is stimulated |
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ABC Transporter |
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Lipid rafts |
-Contain higher amounts of cholesterol -Does specialize work, ex. signal transduction -Holding structures together |
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Peripheral proteins |
On the outside of of cell membranes or inside, peripheral attach and remove themselves (temporary) -Hormone can be an example |
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Glycoprotein |
Protein + sugar plasma membrane component -Used in signaling, allows cell to recognize another cell. |
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The initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs by: Passive flow due to pressure difference or counter current exchange system? |
Initial filtration in the glomerulus occurs as blood pressure forces the fluid from the glomerulus into the lumen of bowman's capsule |
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Descending end of loop of henley reabsorbs ______ |
WATER |
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Counter current exchange |
By actively pumping ions into medulla, water is reabsorbed passively in descending limb (multiply water absorbed) |
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If an enzyme assay is highly specific, that means that it: |
Can distinguish the enzyme activity from many other enzymatic reactions in a cell. -(if enzyme is highly specific both in rxn they catalyze and choice of substrate - therefore only catalyze a single chemical rxn or set of closely related rxns) |
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Interphase |
Phase of cell cycle b/w cell divisions and is the phase in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions It consists of G1, S, and G2 phases (not mitosis) |
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What groups will be bonded? |
Phosphate -> sugar (phosphodiester bond) 5' end bears phosphar, and 3' end a OH group -Bond is between phosphate of adenine and sugar of the thymine |
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Glucocorticoids (example and function) |
Cortisol -Secreted by adrenal cortex -Released in response to stress and low blood glucose -Functions in increase blood sugar thru gluconeogenesis, suppress immune sys, and aid in metabolism of fat, protein, carbs -Decreases bone formation (too much can cause muscle weakness) |
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What can be a result in too much glucocorticoids in system |
(cortisol) Acts on skeletal muscle causing the breakdown of muscle proteins. THerefore it will result in muscle weakness (increases gluconeogenesis) |
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Exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose in working skeletal muscles. GIven this, regular exercise would most like reduce blood glucose levels in patients with which type of diabetes? |
Type I and II (insulin independant). |
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Reason why diabetics may lose weight |
Diabetes and sudden weight loss. In people with diabetes, insufficient insulin prevents the body from getting glucose from the blood into the body's cells to use as energy. When this occurs, the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, causing a reduction in overall body weight. |
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Primacy and recency effect |
(serial position effect - working memory is limited) Primary = Person more likely to recall first items presented Recency = more likely to recall last items presented |
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Spreading of activation theory |
Activation of a few nodes can lead to pattern of activation that within the whole network that spreads onwards. Suggest when trying to retrieve info we start search from one node and we do not choose where to go next but moves outward -Explains why hints might be helpful (serve to activate nearby nodes) Context clues, relevant -Ex. chewing gum during studying helps remember on the test if chewing gum -Ex. recalling object that were not presented to person but are from the same category |
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Dual Coding Effect |
Indicates that it is easier to remember works with associated images than wither words or images alone. -More connections are made to the memory and oppertunity to process info at a deeper level |
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Encoding |
Process of transferring sensoy info into our memory system |
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When do children master object permanence |
Understanding that things continue to exist when they are out of sight (diff from conservation) Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2) |
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During what time do children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and images. |
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Accompanies pretend play and language development -lack logical reasoning, they are egocentric, do not understand that people have different perspectives |
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When do children learn principle of conservation? |
Concrete Operational Stage ( 7 to 11) Idea that quantity remains the same despite change of physical shape or container. Grasp math at this time too (not abstract reasoning yet) |
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When do children learn abstract reasoning? |
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage (12 through adulthood) -aka hypothesizing, and moral reasoning |
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What is classical conditioning and what perspective on personality is it most closely related to? |
Classical conditioning: salivating dog and bell example Behaviorist perspective: Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on person's environment (deterministic, people begin as clean slate and environmental enforcement and punishment completely shape people's behavior) -Diff form social cognitive which is reciprocal interaction b/w cognitive, environment, and behavioral factors |
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Difference between responses with classical and operant conditioning? |
Classical: responses are involuntary, autonomic (associated two stimuli) Operant: responses are voluntary (associating response with consequence, punishment or reward) |
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Introceptive awareness |
Increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and bloop pressure, which are regulated by autonomic NS (may be increased in people with panic disorder) |
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Cognitive processes (appraisal/ interpretation) |
Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion -Stimulus -> physiological response -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion (It's the assessment of our physiological responses which informs behavioral response/ emotion) Can be misinterpreted (panic disorder) |
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Correlational studies |
are a type of research often used in psychology as a preliminary way to gather info about a topic or in situations where performing an experiment is not possible. -While researchers can use correlations to see if a relationship exists, the variables themselves are not under the control of the researchers. -But can only prove relationship, not cause and effect relationship -Example: experimental study can not be used to to manipulate participant's physiological states and sensitivity to changes in those states |
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Optimal arousal theory states: |
Optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impeded performance (ex. describing stereotype before exam may lead to increases arousal beyond what is optimal and leads to poor performance - stereotype threat) |
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Which measure would be most useful for researchers studying degree of sympathetic arousal experiences in different conditions? |
Measure of electrical conductivity of the skin -increased electrical conductivity of the skin is physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal |
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PET scan vs CT scan vs MRI |
PET = provides metabolic information CT and MRI provide anatomical info |
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Hans Seyle's belief |
-noticed that the body has been adapting to external stressors in terms of a biological pattern that is actually predictable, so that the internal balance, or homeostasis, would be restored and maintained. struggle of the body against stress is the main theme of the General Adaptation Syndrome -stress affects the human body through aging |
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General Adaptation Syndrome in context of experiments/ studies |
(Hans Seyle) Researcher adds to study physiological stressor (in study about response in context of stressful situation) -This change UNNECESSARY because the human stress response in accordance to this syndrome is not specific to the type of stressor. |
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Weber's Law |
Amount of change that occurs (in weight, sound, sight) that occurs before a person can perceive difference b/w two masses/ stimuli. |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
Aka Linguistic relativity -individuals experience the world based on the structure of the language they habitually use. |
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George Miller's estimate of how many sequences working memory can handle |
7 plus or minus 2 (5-9) |
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Implicit memory |
Procedural memory -involves conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something. |
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Characteristics of smaller groups versus bigger groups |
Larger groups are generally considered MORE STABLE, but less intimate Small groups are LESS stable, MORE intimate (ex. two person groups, either person can cut ties, however group of three, there are additional social ties) |
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Why do isotopes have the same chemical properties |
They have the same atomic number (number of protons). # of protons determines chemical properties (mass number is protons +neutrons) |
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How to get frequency of light when given wavelength |
V = ƒ x lambda ƒ = c / lambda |
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Destructive interference occurs in the photodiode detectors when direct and scattered light rays take paths to the photocell that differ in phase by:
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180 degrees -phase difference corresponding to half a wave is 180˚. Half a wave difference in phase b/w 2 waves corresponds to destructive interference |
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Why are the percentages of the change in ƒ and wavelength much greater when sound waves are used instead of radio waves? |
Sound waves travel more slowly (than electromagnetic radiation) (Doppler) ∆ƒ/ƒ = -v/c Frequency shift ∆ƒ depends inversely on the speed of wave in medium (c) |
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If an ambulance is moving towards a sitting person, what will happen to the perceived wavelength? |
Moving towards, which means increased perceived wavelength (at constant velocity) this will mean a smaller wavelength |
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An astronaut on Earth notes that in her drink an ice cube floats with 9/10 of its volume submerged. On the moon (1/6th gravity), the ice in the same drink would float _______ submerged |
with 9/10 submerged Floating ice cube means that its weight is balanced by the buoyant force on it W (ice) = mg = rVg Both weight and buoyant force are proportional to g, making numerical value of g irrelevant to volume of the ice cub submerged. |
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Describe velocity of a charged particle in an electric field b/w cathode and anode (Cathode to anode so needs battery) |
A charged particle accelerates in an electric field. The electrons starts with a velocity that increases as it approaches the anode through the anode. |
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If the speed of a charged particle in a circuit is increased by a factor of 2 the electric force of the particle will: |
Stay the same Electric force depends on particle charge and strength of electric field, not speed (dont confuse magnetic force) F = Eq |
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Capacitors in series |
(like resistors in parallel) Decreases capacitance 1/C +1/C ....... |
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Beats (combining sound waves of different freq - combining constructing and destructive waves) |
Can get two resulting frequencies since you take the absolute value (nothing to do w/ amplitude) |
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Equation for work done in a system where pressure is constant |
W = P∆V |
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Explain work in this sys |
W = P∆V Work is positive, since work is being done BY the system (loses Energy due to work ∆E = Q - W) |
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The period of the waveform shows in Fig 1b is: |
The same as the period of the first harmonic The amplitudes are being added up but NOT THE PERIODS!!! |
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When a sound is moving away from a person, how is the sound being perceived? |
Frequency detected = lower Pitch detected = lower wavelength detected = higher |
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As you increase n (standing waves/ harmonics) what happens? |
Frequency increases Wavelength decreases |
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Work formula for this sitch |
W = mg∆h (work to left up, and let down at same speeds has equal absolute value of work) |
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What is the unit of WORK |
Joule (same as energy) kg • m^2 / s^2 |
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What is the magnitude of the detected sound frequency shift from 170 Hz during the projectile flight for an object (transmitting a signal) thrown straight up? |
It falls to zero, then increases (the ƒ shift is negative and falls to zero at peak of object's flight, as the object falls, the shift becomes increasing positive) W/ magnitude, neg/pos are ignored |
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What can change the focal length of a mirror? |
The focal length of the mirror depends only on the radius of the curvature |
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Visible light travels more slowly through an optically dense medium than through a vacuum. What's a possible explanation? |
Light is reabsorbed and re-emitted by the atomic structure of the optically dense medium (though amplitude does reduce, this does not answer why v slows) |
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What does F (force of friction equal) if the box is moving at constant velocity |
B/c object moves at a constant speed, the net force on the object is zero -In horizontal direction the sum of the forces = 0. This happens if T cos theta has the same magnitude of F -So F = Tcos0 |
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If an object is moving at constant velocity, what can be said about the net force? |
a = 0 —> Fnet = 0 |
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Equation for pressure in this situation |
Pressure = density x g x height |
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Inflammation triggers: |
Movement of leukocytes into mucosal tissue (leukocytes gravitate toward inflammation) |
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Transformation vs Transduction |
Transduction: DNA exchange via bacteriophage infection Transformation: naked DNA is transferred into bacteria |
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A finding that shows participants retrieved words that were related to the words on the list, but not actually appeared is example of what: |
Spreading activation: (activation spreads to related concepts) |
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Depth of processing |
Refers to the type of attention applied to words during encoding |
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Interference effect |
Refers to irrelevant information interfering with recall (fyi continuity effect does not exist, this relates to primacy and recency effect) |
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Clear separation between the primacy effect and recency effect is indicative of what? |
Supports dissociability of long term memory and short term memory (that both are separate systems) |
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Proactive interference |
Involves interference of info from long term memory with new info (requires info previously stored in long term memory, which can impede the learning of new info) |
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Social reproduction |
Perpetuation of inequalities through social institutions (education/ economy). |
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Adding a comparison group does not increase: |
The study variables or operationalization |
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Conformation bias |
Is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs -It can involve bias in search and interpretation of evidence -Found to be stronger for emotionally charged subjects |
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Organization |
Group with identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose. (organization change does not really include political mobilization and legal change) |
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Anomie |
Lack of social norms, which leads to breakdown in the connection b/w an individual and community. |
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Latent learning |
Refers to learning without an explicit change in behavior |
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james-Lange Theory |
Physiological arousal precedes experiencing of emotions Stimulus -> Arousal -> Emotion |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
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World Systems Theory |
Characterizes global inequalities in terms of Core nations: more economically developed with strong governments and institutions Periphery nations: less economically developed |
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Mead's "I" and "Me" |
I: spontaneous/ autonomous part of our unified self Me: part of self that formed in interaction with others and with general social environment |
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Repeating a sentence while being present with target words will engage the ____ of _____ |
Phonological loop of working memory |
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GTP is what kind of biomolecule? |
Nucleotide |
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What primers are more suitable for PCR? |
Suitable primers have high GC content and have higher G and C pairs at the 5' and 3- ends |
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Nondisjunction occurs when? |
-Failure of homologous chromosomes to split during anaphase 1 -Failure of sister chromosomes to separate during anaphase II |
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Which amino acid is present? |
Threonine |
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Affect on K when substrate in increased |
K is not affected since K is a property of the enzyme itself |
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One method use to respond to changes in environment is: |
Regulation of gene expression -ex. addition of new metabolite (like a polysaccharide) will drive bacteria to transcribe and translate a digestive enzyme |
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Euchromatin and heterochromatin |
Euchromatin: loose confirmation / readily accessible for transcription Heterochromatin: tightly wound/ inactivated |
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Fatty acid structure |
Carboxylic acid head group and hydrocarbon tail |
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Endonuclease |
An enzyme that cleaves a polynucleotide chain (phosphodiester bond) by separating nucleotides other than the two end ones. -(restriction enzyme) Think sticky ends -exonuclease removes at the end of the chain |
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Ribonuclease |
RNase -type of nuclease that catalyzes degradation of RNA into smaller components. |
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Agonist vs antagonist |
Agonist: chemical that binds to receptor an activates it (similar response to OG substrate) Antagonist: blocks the action of agonist/substrate. INHIBITS ENZYME by its binding |
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Kidney stones composed of CaC2O4 can form as a result of using medication. WHy does this occur? (in context of Ksp) |
![The concentration of reactants [Ca2+][C2O4 2-] exceeds value for Ksp](https://images.cram.com/images/upload-flashcards/58/09/22/25580922_m.png)
The concentration of reactants [Ca2+][C2O4 2-] exceeds value for Ksp |
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Function of myelin sheath in axons? |
Along unmyelinated fibers, impulses move continuously as waves but in myelinated fibers, they "hop" (propagate by saltatory conduction) -Decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across membrane -nodes of ranvier open in response to stimulus, resulting depolarization can only be transmitted along axon since myelin sheath is insulating. |
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Which is the smallest ion? Na, K, of Cl ion? |
Na+ is smallest ion Cl is the smallest neutral atom -HOWEVER, comparing ions is different Anions (-) > neutral > cations (+) |
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Triterpene squalene |
precursor to steroid hormones |
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Addition of which disaccharide to a solution of Ag2O in NH3 (aq) will NOT result in the deposition of shiny silver mirror on the walls of the reaction vessel? |
Sucrose -It does not posses a hemiacetal functional group -So ti will not undergo mutarotation and will NOT be oxidized by Ag + (saccharides undergo mutarotation of they are capable of ring opening, which occurs at a hemiacetal group and intermediate aldehyde aka reducing sugar) Not a reducing sugar so it will not oxidize Ag+ |
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1 L = _____ cm3 = _______ m3 |
1L = 1000 cm3 = 0.001 m3 |
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An ultrasound uses what information to show the motion of a fetus? |
Uses doppler effect Info needed: -Speed of sound -frequencies of the sound waves emitted and observed. |
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Principal quantum number |
Principal describes the size Angular describes the shape |
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If an enzyme binds ligands that are hydrophobic and anionic or electronegative in nature, the active site will be lined with mostly what kind of amino acids? |
AAs with hydrophobic and positively charged side chains |
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One method of isolating proteins from aq extracts is freeze drying. What procedure can be used to remove the water from the frozen sample? |
Sublimation under reduced pressure (only this will keep the mixture cold and will maintain the protein in its native state) (distillation requires heat and involves solids/liquids) You do not want to use anything with excessive heat when purifying proteins (to not denature) |
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Density of a human body can be calculated form its weight in air, Wair, and its weight while submersed in water, Ww. The density of a human body is proportional to: |
Ratio of densityof an object to density of fluid it is in is EQUAL to ratio of weight of the object in air to the difference of submersed weight and weight in air |
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Net charge for 1 and 2 at pH 7 |
1: (-1) COOH deprotonated 2: (-3) Phosphate OH's and COOH deprotonated |
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An enzyme that binds to ATP via ionic interaction most likely has which amino acids in binding site? |
His Arg Lys They are positive and will interact with ATP (negative) |
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Conversion of 1 ev to joules |
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-16 (elementary charge) If given eV for E = hf equation, you need to convert E from eV to joules |
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Frequency of gamma rays |
10 ^19 |
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The advantage of the doppler ultrasound technique over the standard ultrasound technique is that it allows: A. distinguishing b/w fluids + tissue B. measuring blood flow C. Measuring tissue density |
Measuring the blood flow |
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SDS Page |
Used to determine relative molec. mass of proteins (determine abundance in a sample) Separation of macromolecules in an electric field (electrophoresis) Ex. PROTEINS -SDS is the medium, it denatures the proteins -ITs an anionic detergent -Binds to SDS is proportion to its relative molecular mass |
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When a ray of light is refracted going from a medium of lower index of refraction to higher, the light bends _______ normal Ex? |
Ray of light going into water -They ray bends towards the normal (when it goes from air of lower n, to water with higher n) |
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What is the direction of motion of a gamma particle in a magnetic field? |
It will travel in a straight line. Gamma particles are high energy photons. Photons possess NO CHARGE. So they will be unaffected by a magnetic field (which exerts force on moving electric charges) |
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Density of ball is 8.0x10^2. What fraction of the ball is above surface? |
density of ball/ density of water will give amount of ball submerged which is 8/10 -> 4/5 So the amount of ball above the surface is 1/5 |
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Sound travels through air and bounces off an imperfect reflector which is moving towards a source. Which of the following properties of sound remains the same before and after reflection? Speed, intensity, ƒ, wavelength? |
Speed With in still air, speed of sounds remains constant |
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Area represents? |
Distance travelled |
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How will work change if the angle of a ramp to the horizontal is increased? |
Work will DECREASE -b/c normal force to the surface of the ramp will decrease -(W=Fdcos θ) θ = 180˚ because the force is down the ramp. Force of friction is in line with angle. (hence W = -Fd) -Increasing the tilt of ramp does not change µ or distance, but it decreases normal force. (very steep ramp = more free fall) |
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Area of a circle when given diameter |
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Direction of magnetic force in relation to direction of magnetic field and direction of v of charged particle |
Perpendicular to both direction of v and direction o B |
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Which of the following phase changes is used to determine the heat of fusion for a pure substance? A. Sublimation of a solid B. Melting of a solid C. Boiling of a liquid |
Melting of a solid FUSION MEANS MELTING - to determine you must melt a solid of freeze a liquid to determine heat of fusion Different from heat of vaporization |
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An octave |
One octave below = half frequency One octave above = double frequency |
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Relationship b/w PE and Ke from Pt A -> B (friction occurs) |
Objects sliding form Point A to Point B PE changes into KE (plus thermal energy) Frictional force acts on object, so part of PR is converted to heat |
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What expression gives amount of energy lost to friction by object sliding down this hill (F friction =60N) |
Frictional forces disspiate an amount of enerfy (in joules) given by (Force x distance) 60 N x L (energy lost due to friction is the work done by friction) |
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A 7N force and 11N force act on an object. The magnitude of the sum of force CANNOT be which of the following 2N, 8N, 12N, 18N |
Largest magnitude = 18N Smallest magnitude = 4N Has to be within this range so it can't be 2N |
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At a given temperature, the resistance of a wire to direct current depends only on the: |
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Image is real and pointing down -Focal length is positive, object is positive, so i is positve -Since i is positive = image is real -i is positive, so magnitude is negative (image is upside down) |
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An effective and efficient method for the delivery of an antisense gene could be: A. Orally B. Intravenously as blood stable product C. Microinjection into body cells D. Infection of an embryo by virus modified to carry gene |
D. Is most effective and efficient (B is VERY inefficient) |
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Atoms that act as electron acceptors |
Atoms with high electron affinity (electroneg) For ex. Oxygen, Sulfur |
