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Profit before tax =

[(price - UVC) x # units sold] - FC

CVP analysis uses cost to determine

how revenues, expenses, and profits will react to changes in volume (number of units sold)

Uses of CVP relation

Plan profit


Make executive decisions


- change short-term prices


- change mix of FC and VC


- change product mix



Methods to evaluate operating risk

1. Margin of Safety


2. Operating leverage

Margin of Safety

(Current sales - breakeven sales)/current sales

What does a high percentage mean?

Higher the percent, the lower the risk


Operating Leverage =

FC/(VC + FC)

Breakeven volume calculation

Profit = (UCM x breakeven volume) - FC

Profit before taxes calculation

PBT = (CM ratio x revenue) - FC