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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Briefly state the 4 predictions made by the evolutionary theory.
1) increasing commitment

2) infidelity


3) costs related to emotional investment


4) reputational damage

How can 'costs related to emotional investment' be present in the breakdown of relationship?
Women prefer males with resources, assuming they are willing to share resources. This can be gauged by level of commitment. Resources are important to women, as they would experience high costs, if rejected, they would be losing the emotional investment of their partner.
How can 'increasing commitment' be present in the breakdown of the relationship?
Males threatened with a breakdown may employ strategies to exploit the fact. They attempt to maintain sexual access to female partner.e.g. getting married, cohabitation.
How can infidelity be present in the breakdown of the relationship?
If a male anticipates a break-up, they may obtain sexual access to females outside of relationship. So they can find a replacement quickly
How can reputational damage be present in the breakdown of the relationship?
Those who end the relationship may be perceived as heartless and cruel, and rejectors would perceived as a victims. If rejectors are seen like this, they may not geta long term mate for the future. So they are motivated to to reduce this bad reputation.
What was Perilous and Buss (2008) methodology?
98 males and 101 females- heterosexual relationships from USA. All experience on breakup. 69% were white Caucasian, remained of pps were other ethnic backgrounds. 80% were rejectors, 71% were the rejects. Pps completed a questionnaire @ uni office. Questioned about emotional experience after the break up and any strategies after the fact.
What did P&B (2008) find?
Females: higher levels of costs when losing partners emotional investment.

Males: likely to engage in sex with potential mate prior break up.


Rejectors: higher costs of being seen as cruel and heartless compared to rejectees.

What did P&B (2008) conclude?
Women and women: experience a wide range of costs from the breakdown and employ strategies to deal with these costs, depending if they are the rejector or rejectee.
What was P&B (2008) heavily reliant on?
self report, they can show themselves in a favourable light.
How was P&B (2008) study biased?
Age biased, narrow age range- uni students break up frequently. So students are likely to have lots of costs compared to adults who are looking to settle down.
What does the evolutionary theory fail to take into account?
The role of free will, says we ar determined our ancestors to survive and reproduce. e.g a male may stay faithful to their partner even if the anticipate a breakup.
How was the evolutionary theory highly reductionist?
It reduces complex behaviour down to our genes and doesn't take into account personality factors.
How is the evolutionary theory unfalsifiable?
It is hard to prove the theory wrong as the evolutionary have an answer for anyone that tried to disprove the theory.
What does the evolutionary theory only focus on?
Only explains ultimate causes of the breakdown of relationships instead of looking at proximate causes such as socialisation.
Who proposed the 6 stages of breakdown?
Rollie and Duck (2006)
What were the 6 stages of breakdown?
Breakdown processes

Intrapsychic processes


Dyadic Processes


Social processes


Grave-dressing processes


Resurrection processes

What two stages are positive?
Grave- dressing processes- tidying memories and prepare stories for audience

Resurrection processes- recreating a sense of own social value.

What is the first stage of Rollie and Duck (2006) model?
Breakdown- when you first come dissatisfied with the relationship.
What is the third stage?
Dyadic processes- where both parties in the relationship either agree to stay together or not stay together.
What was the second stage?
Intrapsychic processes- social withdrawal, you re-evaluate the alternative of the relationship.
What is social processes?
When you go public that you have broke up, and you seek support from third parties.
Why is the model positive?
Includes personal growth and how to move on. However, it states that women grow more than men. So it can be gender biased.
What is the research that supports the model?
Akert (1998)- those who did not initiate the breakup tended o be miserable, reporting high levels of loneliness, depression, unhappiness and anger in weeks after breakup. Those who initiated the breakup felt the opposite, however felt guilty.
How has it been applied to real-life? (Rollie and Duck (2006)).
Tashiro and Frazier (2003)- surveyed undergrads who brokeup with romantic partners. Reported emotional distress but also personal growth . Breakup gave them a new insight into themselves and clearer idea of future partners..