A2 Crime And Deviance Key Sociologists

Front 1

Suicide

Durkheim

Back 1

- Official statistics to categorise
- Social Integration and Moral regulation
- 4 types of suicide; egotistic, fatalistic, altruistic, anomic.
- Critic; sees suicide statistics as social facts and not social constructs, they are the truth as interpreted by people e.g. coroners

Front 2

Suicide

Douglas

Back 2

- Interpretivist; cannot trust official statistics as they only represent the coroner’s opinion
- Qualitative method to produce case study
- Focuses on meaning suicide has for the deceased - Critic; no reason to believe sociologists are better than coroners at interpreting meaning of death

Front 3

Suicide

Atkinson

Back 3

- Only the person who committed the act knows the truth behind the suicide
- Pointless creating categories

Front 4

Globalisation

Manuel Castells

Back 4

- Global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum.
- E.g. Sex tourism, Drugs trade, Cyber-crimes
- Both supply (third-world) and demand side (rich West)

Front 5

Globalisation

Ian Taylor

Back 5

- Change in pattern and extent of crime
- Market forces created greater inequality and rising crime.
- Criminal opportunities on grand scale for elite groups
- Deregulation = little state control over economy

Front 6

Globalisation

Nigel South

Back 6

- 2 types of green crime; Primary and Secondary
- Primary: crimes resulting from direct destruction of earth's resources, e.g. deforestation
- Secondary: grows out of ignoring rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters, e.g. state violence against oppositional groups

Front 7

Globalisation

Hobbs and Dunningham

Back 7

- 'Glocal' organisation
- International links rooted in local context
- Change in pattern of crime

Front 8

Globalisation

Wall

Back 8

- Identifies four global cyber crimes; Cyber-trespass, Cyber-violence, Cyber-pornography, Cyber-deception and theft.
- Scale of internet makes policing difficult
- Issues of jurisdiction due to globalised nature
- Greater opportunity for surveillance & control by state from new ICT

Front 9

Globalisation

Green Criminology

Back 9

- Crime = harm rather than criminal law
- Legal definitions can't provide consistent standard of harm over nations
- Global perspective on environmental harm
- Powerful define in own interests what counts as environmental harm

Front 10

Globalisation

Traditional Criminology and Green Crime

Back 10

- Green crime isn't illegal in criminal law
- Look at national, international laws and regulations on the environment
- Clearly defined subject matter
- Critic; official definitions set by powerful groups serving own interests.

Front 11

Globalisation

Schwendingers

Back 11

- Crime = violation of basic human rights
- States can be regarded as criminal for denying them
- Sociologists role should be to protect human rights against state and its laws
- Critic; limited agreement on what counts as basic human right

Front 12

Globalisation

Stanley Cohen and State Crime

Back 12

- States conceal and legitimate human rights crime through spiral of denial
- States use techniques to justify human rights violation: denial of victim, injury, responsibility, appeal to higher authority, condemning condemners

Front 13

Left-Realism

Lea and Young

Back 13

- Identify 3 causes of crime; Subculture, Relative deprivation, and marginalisation
- RD; resentment of others possessions
- S; collective solution for issue of RD
- M; lack clear goal and organisation

Front 14

Left-Realism

Kinsey, Lea and Young

Back 14

- Policing rates are too low to act as real deterrent
- Police depend on public; 90% crimes known to police are reported by the public
- Military policing = loss of public support & info

Front 15

Right Realist/ Crime Prevention

Ron Clarke

Back 15

- Crime is a choice based on rational calculation
- Rewards vs Costs
- Critic; fails to explain most violent crimes

Front 16

Right Realist/ Crime Prevention

Wilson and Kelling

Back 16

- Broken windows theory
- Zero-tolerance policy
- Critic; ZT leaves discrimination by police a large issue

Front 17

Crime Prevention

Positive Victimology

Back 17

- Patterns in victimisation
- Victims contributing to own victimisation
- Interpersonal crimes of violence

Front 18

Crime Prevention

Michael Foucault

Back 18

- Prison control disciplinary power
- Panopticon design; Self-surveillance becomes self-discipline

Front 19

Right Realist

Charles Murray

Back 19

- Crime increases due to growing underclass
- Failure to properly socialise children
- Result of welfare dependency

Front 20

Crime prevention

Critical Victimology

Back 20

- Conflict theories
- Structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty
- State holds power to apply or deny label of victim

Front 21

Neo-Marxism

Taylor et al

Back 21

- Crime as meaningful action and choice by the actor
- Crime often holds political motive; rebellion against capitalism
- Combines elements of marxism and labelling theory in 'full social theory' of deviance
- Critic; Left-realists argue it ignores w/c victims

Front 22

Neo-Marxism/ Ethnicity

Hall et al

Back 22

- Use of black mugging as a scapegoat by the state to deviate attention from crisis of capitalism in 70's
- Create moral panic to maintain ruling class control

Front 23

Neo-Marxism/ Ethnicity

Gilroy

Back 23

- Myth of black criminality created by racial stereotype
- Ethnic minority crime as political resistance against racist society
- Critic; Lea & Young - First-generation immigrants in 50's law abiding - unlikely struggle inherited

Front 24

Ethnicity

Waddington et al

Back 24

- Ethnic minorities were stopped and searched more because they were out on the street at the time
- Critic; only interviewed police

Front 25

Ethnicity

Phillips and Bowling

Back 25

- Oppressive policing of ethnic minorities
- Mass stop and search, armed raids, police violence, and deaths in custody.
- Creates resentment

Front 26

Functionalist

Merton

Back 26

- Strain theory; American Dream
- Unable to reach goal of success through legitimate means, adopt illegitimate means in crime
- Explains patterns to adapt in society; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
- Critic; doesn't explain violent crime, uses stats

Front 27

Functionalist

Cloward and Ohlin

Back 27

- Subcultural theory
- Deviance stems in inability to meet 'money success'
- 3 responses to status frustration; criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures
- Critic; Ignore crime of wealthy, South (1997) found crime can fit more than one subculture

Front 28

Functionalist

Albert Cohen

Back 28

- Subcultural theory; Status frustration
- Alternative status hierarchy; own illegitimate opportunity structure to win status from peers
- Critic; Offers explanation of non-utilitarian crime, assumes w/c boys start off with m/c success goals

Front 29

Functionalist

Durkheim

Back 29

- Crime is inevitable & performs positive functions for society; boundary maintenance, adaption and change
- Critic; no way of knowing 'right' amount of crime, ignores how crime affects individuals

Front 30

Labelling

Chambliss

Back 30

- Saints and Roughnecks
- Both involved in acts of deviancy
- Police took action against roughnecks deviance but not saints
- Saints appeared polite, whilst Roughnecks appeared hostile and insolent

Front 31

Labelling

Stanley Cohen

Back 31

- Media; Mods and Rockers/ Moral Panic
- Exaggeration and distortion
- Symbolism of group
- Critic; (McRobbie and Thornton) moral panic now routine and has less impact, Left-realists - people's fear of crime is rational

Front 32

Labelling

Edwin Lemert

Back 32

- Primary and Secondary deviance
- PD = e.g. fare dodging don't see self as deviant
- SD = Public label becomes master status e.g. thief
- SD can cause self-fulfilling prophecy and so further deviance occurs
- Critic; not always inevitable, free to not deviate

Front 33

Labelling

Jock Young

Back 33

- Deviancy amplification of marijuana use in hippy culture.
- Retreated into closed groups with deviant subculture, where drug use becomes central completing self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 34

Labelling

Braithwaite

Back 34

- Positive role of labelling in shaming
- Disintegrative shaming = offender labelled as bad
- Reintegrative shaming = Bad act not Bad person
- Crime lower in societies with reintegrative rather than disintegrative shaming for offenders
- Critic; shows offender as victim, ignore real victim

Front 35

Labelling

Cicourel

Back 35

- Study of police in California found police more likely to arrest people who fitted the picture of having – poor education, low-income, ethnic minority membership
- Found middle-class delinquents who were arrested tended to be counselled, cautioned and released by police officers

Front 36

Labelling

Howard Becker

Back 36

- Deviant career
- Master label; once a label has been applied to someone, all actions are interpreted as the label
- An act only becomes deviant when people view it as such

Front 37

Gender

Carlen

Back 37

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Front 38

Gender

Adler

Back 38

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Front 39

Gender

Heidensohn

Back 39

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Front 40

Gender

Messerschmidt

Back 40

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Front 41

Gender

Chivalry Thesis

Back 41

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