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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the tissue types |
1. Connective 2. Muscle 3. Epithelial 4. Nerve |
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Where is nervous tissue located? |
Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
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What is the function of nervous tissue? |
Internal communication |
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Where is muscle tissue located? |
1. Muscles attached to bones (skeletal) 2. Muscles of heart (cardiac) 3. Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth) |
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What is the function of muscle tissue? |
Contract to cause movement (voluntary: skeletal; involuntary: cardiac + smooth) |
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Where is epithelial tissue found? |
1. Skin surface (epidermis) 2. Lining of GI tact organs + other hollow organs |
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What is the function of epithelial tissue? |
Forms boundaries between different environments; protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters |
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Where is connective tissue found? |
Bones, tendons, fat, and other soft padding tissue |
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What is the function of connective tissue? |
Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together |
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What are the two type of epithelial tissue? Where is each found? |
1. Covering and lining epithelia --> on external + internal surfaces 2. Glandular epithelia --> secretory tissue in glands |
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What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue? |
1. Cells have polarity: apical (superficial) + basal surfaces... Apical = microvilli or cilia... Basal lamina = glycoprotein + collagen 2. Composed of closely packed cells -- held together by tight junctions + desmosomes 3. Supported by a CT reticular lamina (under the basal lamina) ... these 2 layers form the basal membrane 4. Avascular, innervated, + must be nourished via diffusion: contains NO blood, but nerves run through (think of skin) 5. High rate of regeneration |
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What layers classify epithelia? What types of cells are present? |
Layers: simple and stratified Types: squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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What are the two sites of product release for glandular epithelia? What is the function of each? |
1. Endocrine: releases directly into blood or lymph (circular; enclosed) 2. Exocrine: releases to outside of body or into body cavity (looks like a rain drop) |
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How is glandular epithelia classified? |
1. Site of product release 2. Relative # of cells forming the gland... Unicellular (i.e. goblet cells) or multicellular (human stomach) |
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Briefly describe endocrine glands |
1. Ductless 2. Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs |
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Briefly describe exocrine glans |
1. More numerous than endocrine glands 2. Secrete products from ducts (if multicellular) 3. Secretion released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities 4. Examples: mucous, sweat, oil, salivary ... liver + pancreas |
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What are the two different modes of secretion? |
Merocrine + holocrine |
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Describe merocrine secretion |
1. Most common, smooth secretion 2. Products are secreted by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat + salivary glands) |
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Describe holocrine secretion |
Accumulate their products within & when secreted, they rupture (sebaceous/oil glands) |
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What are the four classes of connective tissue? Briefly describe CT |
CT is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type. 1. Connective tissue proper: adipose, areolar, reticular (+ fibrous?) 2. Cartilage: hyaline (most common), elastic, fibro-) --> avascular 3. Bone (compact) 4. Blood |
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What are the major functions of CT? |
1. Binding and support 2. Protection 3. Insulation 4. Storing reverse fuel 5. Transportation (blood; "lymph") |
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What are 3 characteristics of CT? |
1. Mesenchyme is the common tissue of origin 2. Varying degrees of vascularity (none, some, lots) 3. Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix... this allows the tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, etc. |
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What are the structural elements of CT? |
1. Ground substance 2. Fibers 3. Cells |
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What is ground substance + its components for CT? |
Ground substance is the medium through which solutes diffuse between capillaries and cells... Cells aren't connected to blood Components: interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins ("glue"), and proteoglycans |
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What are the 3 types of fibers for CT? |
1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular |
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Describe collagen fibers (found in CT) |
1. White fibers, strongest, thickest, most abundant type 2. Provides high tensile strength 3. Fibro-cartilage CT has the most collagen |
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Describe elastic fibers (found in CT) |
Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that all for stretch + recoil... Smaller/thinner than collagen |
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Describe reticular fibers (found in CT) |
1. Short, fine, highly branch collagenous fibers (looks like a tree) 2. Surrounds blood vessels an supports soft tissues of organs |
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What words helps describe specific cells found in CT? What are the characteristics of each? What are other cell types found in CT? |
1. -blast... Mitotically active (replicating) and secretory cells; osteoblast (building bone cell), chondroblast (building cartilage), fibroblast (CT proper) 2. -cyte... Mature cell/done growing; osteocyte Other types: hematopoietic stem cells (in bone marrow), fat cells, WBCs, mast cells (produce histamine causing dilation), and macrophages |
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What types of proper connective tissue are there? What are the denominations in each? |
1. Loose CT: areolar, adipose, reticular 2. Dense CT: elastic (reg + irreg) |
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2 fat facts? |
1. Without fat stores we would notlive for more than a few days without eating. 2. Makes up 18% of a persons weighton average |
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What 3 types of cartilage are there? What are characteristics of cartilage? |
1. Hyaline (most abundant) 2. Elastic (found in ear) 3. Fibrocartilage (weight bearing: knees, vertebrae) |
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What is the membrane that makes up the skin and covers the body surface? |
Cutaneous |
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What 2 epithelial membranes are there? What are the characteristics of each |
1. Mucous: lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. digestive, respiratory tracts // urinary, reproduction) 2. Serous: in a closed ventral body cavity; parietal serosae line internal body body walls (superficial); visceral serosae cover internal organs (deep) |
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What are the 3 steps in tissue repair? |
1. Inflammation 2. Organization restores blood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair |
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What occurs during the first step in tissue repair? |
•Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals arereleased. •Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing whiteblood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteinsto seep into the injured area. •Clotting occurs; surface dries and forms a scab. |
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What occurs during step 2 of tissue repair? |
Organization restores the bloodsupply: •The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restoresthe vascularsupply. •Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap. •Macrophages phagocytose celldebris. •Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over thegranulation tissue. |
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What happens during the 3rd and final step in tissue repair? |
Regenerationand fibrosis effect permanent repair: • Thefibrosedarea matures and contracts; the epithelium thickens. • A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area ofscar tissueresults. |
