A/p: Skeletal System (Asr)

Front 1

six types of synovial joints

Back 1

hinge
condylar (ellipsoidal)
gliding (plane)
saddle
ball-and-socket
pivot

Front 2

joint type that permits movement in only one plane

Back 2

hinge

Front 3

hard form of connective tissue

Back 3

bone

Front 4

bone is composed of one of two types of osseous tissue:

Back 4

compact (dense and smooth)
cancellous (spongy, latticelike)

Front 5

bones serve as a reservoir for what minerals?
C,C,M,P,P,S,S...

Back 5

calcium
copper
magnesium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
sulfur
etc

Front 6

bone cavities act as storage sites for X (not a mineral)

Back 6

fat

Front 7

term for blood cell formation

Back 7

hematopoiesis

Front 8

blood cell formation occurs chiefly within the X marrow of certain bones

Back 8

red

Front 9

tube of compact bone that makes the shaft=

Back 9

diaphysis

Front 10

the (X) cavity lies within the shaft (aka:Y) and is filled with (Z) marrow and depending on the growth stage may also contain (ZZ) marrow

Back 10

the medullary cavity within the diaphysis (shaft) is filled with yellow marrow and may contain red marrow too

Front 11

This is the portion of developing long bone between the shaft and epiphysis, which includes the ephiphyseal plate.

Back 11

metaphysis

Front 12

This is what separates the epiphyses from the diaphysis

Back 12

cartilage at the epiphyseal line

Front 13

This is a thin layer of cells that lines the inner surface of compact bone, defining the medullary cavity

Back 13

endosteum

Front 14

This is a tough fibrous membrane sheath surrounding the diaphysis

Back 14

periosteum

Front 15

short bones lack a long (X) and are typically (Y) shaped

Back 15

axis
cuboidal

Front 16

short bones are composed of (X) bone type and marrow enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone

Back 16

spongy

Front 17

(X) surrounds the compact bone in short bones, except on articular surfaces

Back 17

periosteum

Front 18

This is a special type of short bone that is embedded in tendons

Back 18

sesamoid (eg patella)

Front 19

Term for thin bones with two layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone and marrow

Back 19

flat

Front 20

flat bones are generally (flat/curved)

Back 20

curved

Front 21

The sternum, ribs and most skull bones are what type of bone?

Back 21

flat bones

Front 22

bone remodeling begins when bone (X) is initiated by osteoclasts

Back 22

resorption

Front 23

Term for the breakdown and phagocytosis of bone cells =

Back 23

bone resorption

Front 24

osteoclasts remove bone tissue, carving small (X) in bone

Back 24

cavities

Front 25

resorption is followed by (X) before bone formation begins

Back 25

a rest period

Front 26

bone formation occurs in # stages

Back 26

two

Front 27

What happens in the first stage of bone formation:

Back 27

osteoblasts lay non mineralized bone over resorptive cavities

Front 28

What happens in the second stage of bone formation:

Back 28

Minerals are deposited. Nonmineralized bone is mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposition

Front 29

Term for mesodermal cells linked with bone production

Back 29

osteoblasts

Front 30

Periosteum is made of specialized fibrous CT that consists of an outer (X) layer and an inner (Y) layer

Back 30

fibrous
bone-forming

Front 31

Mature osteoblasts incapable of producing new bone are called:

Back 31

osteocytes

Front 32

Osteocytes are located in small spaces (aka X) in the intracellular substance of (Y) type of bone

Back 32

lacunae
compact

Front 33

bone resorption and bone deposition occur at what two surfaces?

Back 33

periosteal
endosteal

Front 34

(X) is a tough, resilient type of CT

Back 34

cartilage

Front 35

cartilage consists of a dense network of what two types of CT fibers, embedded in a gel like substance

Back 35

collagenous and elastic

Front 36

new cartilage forms from cells called:

Back 36

chondroblasts

Front 37

mature cartilage cells are called

Back 37

chondrocytes

Front 38

three functions of cartilage:

Back 38

shapes body structures
supports body structures
cushions bone

Front 39

three types of cartilage:

Back 39

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

Front 40

hyaline cartilage is what color?

Back 40

translucent

Front 41

the most abundant type of cartilage is
hyaline/fibrocartilage/elastic

Back 41

hyaline is the most abundant type of cartilage

Front 42

This type of cartilage forms the bronchial tubes

Back 42

hyaline-- bronchial tubes and trachea

Front 43

This type of cartilage forms the nose

Back 43

hyaline-- nose and larynx

Front 44

This type of cartilage forms the epiphyseal discs

Back 44

hyaline-- epiphyseal discs

Front 45

This type of cartilage appears at joints over the ends of long bones and at the ventral ends of the ribs

Back 45

hyaline-- ribs and long bone ends

Front 46

This type of cartilage consists of bundles of collagenous fibers

Back 46

fibrocartilage

Front 47

This type of cartilage provides strength and rigidity

Back 47

fibrocartilage

Front 48

This type of cartilage occurs in the TMJ

Back 48

fibrocartilage

Front 49

This type of cartilage cushions between vertebrae

Back 49

fibrocartilage

Front 50

This type of cartilage is found in the external ear and auditory tube

Back 50

elastic

Front 51

What color is elastic cartilage, compared with hyaline?

Back 51

opaque (compared with hyaline)

Front 52

The most flexible type of cartilage:

Back 52

elastic

Front 53

This type of cartilage lends strength and helps maintain the shape of the larynx

Back 53

elastic

Front 54

The skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body:

Back 54

axial

Front 55

The skeleton that forms the head, neck and trunk

Back 55

axial skeleton

Front 56

# bones in the axial skeleton

Back 56

80

Front 57

cranium aka

Back 57

skull

Front 58

The entire human skeleton accounts for #% of its body mass

Back 58

20

Front 59

# bones in the human skeleton

Back 59

206

Front 60

The pelvic and pectoral girdles are part of what skeleton?

Back 60

appendicular

Front 61

four functions of the cranium

Back 61

holds the brain
provides cavities for sensory organs
has openings to allow passage of air and food
contains teeth and jaws for mastication

Front 62

Two sets of bones in the skull:

Back 62

cranial and facial

Front 63

# cranial bones

Back 63

8

Front 64

two paired cranial bones:

Back 64

parietal
temporal

Front 65

four unpaired cranial bones:

Back 65

frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

Front 66

irregular cranial bones consist of what three layers of bone?

Back 66

spongy layer between
internal and external tables (flat layers) of compact bone

Front 67

internally, bony ridges divide the cranial bones at the base of the skull into three (X)

Back 67

fossae or depressed regions

Front 68

The forehead is formed by what bone?

Back 68

frontal

Front 69

The elevation that extends laterally from the glabella (between the eyebrows above the nose) is the:

Back 69

supercilliary arch

Front 70

bony cavities that house the eyes:

Back 70

orbits

Front 71

The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are named for what? what are the names?

Back 71

bones in which they are found:
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

Front 72

The mental nerve and vessels enter through what structure?

Back 72

mental foramen

Front 73

When viewing the head superiorly, what two sutures are visible?

Back 73

sagittal
lambdoidal

Front 74

Skull sutures include (4)

Back 74

coronal
sagittal
lambdoidal
squamous

Front 75

Freely movable skull joint:

Back 75

mandible

Front 76

Hyoid bone is located in front of the neck between (X) and (Y)

Back 76

mandible
larynx

Front 77

The hyoid serves as a moveable base for what?

Back 77

tongue

Front 78

The hyoid is an attachment for the (X) muscles that help elevate the (Y) during (Z) and speech

Back 78

neck
larynx
swallowing

Front 79

# vertebrae

Back 79

26

Front 80

# movable vertebrae

Back 80

24

Front 81

The cervical and lumbar curves are (concave/convex) anteriorly

Back 81

convex

Front 82

The thoracic and sacral curves are (concave/convex) posteriorly

Back 82

convex

Front 83

What two vertebral regions are concave posteriorly?

Back 83

cervical and lumbar

Front 84

What two vertebral regions are concave anteriorly?

Back 84

thoracic and sacral

Front 85

Muscle attaches to what parts of a typical vertebrae?

Back 85

spinous process
two transverse processes

Front 86

The superior and inferior articular processes of a vertebrae articulate with what?

Back 86

the vertebrae immediately above and below them

Front 87

# cervical vertebrae

Back 87

7

Front 88

# thoracic vertebrae

Back 88

12

Front 89

# lumbar vertabrae

Back 89

5

Front 90

What is formed by the fusion of four vertebrae?

Back 90

coccyx (or 3)

Front 91

What is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae?

Back 91

sacrum

Front 92

The first vertebrae is the (atlas/axis) and lacks what two things?

Back 92

atlas
lacks a body
lacks a spinous process

Front 93

What vertebrae lacks a body?

Back 93

atlas, C-1 lacks a body or sp

Front 94

Vertebrae that is a ring of bone?

Back 94

atlas, C-1

Front 95

Vertebrae with a toothlike process that projects superiorly called the (X)

Back 95

axis
dens

Front 96

The discoid weight bearing portion of a vertebrae=

Back 96

body

Front 97

The body and arch form the (X)

Back 97

vertebral foramen

Front 98

Collectively, the body and arch of C3-7 form the vertebral (X) which houses the spinal cord

Back 98

canal

Front 99

the bony connections between the vertebral bodies and TP are called (X)

Back 99

pedicles

Front 100

The bony connections between transverse and spinous processes are called (X)

Back 100

laminae

Front 101

Each thoracic vertebra articulates bilaterally with the (X)

Back 101

ribs

Front 102

The first (#) thoracic vertebrae have facets on the (X) that articulate with the (Y) of the ribs

Back 102

10
transverse processes
tubercles

Front 103

largest and strongest vertebrae

Back 103

lumbar

Front 104

triangular bone that articulates superiorly with the sacrum

Back 104

coccyx

Front 105

alignment of the vertebral (X) forms the vertebral canal

Back 105

foramina

Front 106

flat, broad structures that fuse to form the posterior portion of the vertebral arch

Back 106

laminae

Front 107

the vertebral structures that project posteriorly from the vertebral body, forming the sides of the vertebral foramen:

Back 107

pedicles

Front 108

Processes in vertebrae project laterally at the points where a (X) and (Y) join

Back 108

lamina
pedicle

Front 109

A spinous process projects (list two directions) from the junction of the laminae

Back 109

posteriorly and inferiorly

Front 110

Two superior articular processes project (upward/downward) from the laminae

Back 110

upward

Front 111

Two inferior articular processes articulate with the immediately (inferior/superior) vertebrae

Back 111

inferior

Front 112

This is a broad sheath of CT along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies:

Back 112

anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 113

This is a relatively narrow sheath of CT that lies along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies, inside the vertebral canal

Back 113

posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 114

The posterior longitudinal ligament lies inside the (X)

Back 114

vertebral canal

Front 115

The ligamenta flava, interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament all attach to what part of the spine?

Back 115

spinous processes

Front 116

The rib cage, sternum and thoracic vertebrae make up what structure?

Back 116

bony thorax

Front 117

Function of the bony thorax:

Back 117

protects the heart, lungs and great vessels of the thoracic cavity;
supports the pectoral girdle;
provides attachment points for various muscles

Front 118

the bony thorax consists of what structures
dorsally:
laterally:
anteriorly (2):

Back 118

thoracic vertebrae (dorsally)
ribs (laterally)
sternum and costal cartilages (anteriorly)

Front 119

the first # pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum by costal cartilages

Back 119

7 (or 8)

Front 120

what are "true ribs"?

Back 120

ribs that connect to the sternum by their own costal cartilages; ribs 1-7 (or 8)

Front 121

# pairs false ribs:

Back 121

5

Front 122

The first three pairs of false ribs connect to what?

Back 122

costal cartilages immediately above them

Front 123

The last two pairs of false ribs are called (X) because of what fact?

Back 123

"floating ribs" because they do NOT connect to costal cartilages

Front 124

# pairs of "floating ribs"

Back 124

2

Front 125

Are all floating ribs false ribs?

Back 125

yes

Front 126

Are all false ribs floating ribs?

Back 126

no

Front 127

Which pairs of ribs are either floating or false ribs?

Back 127

Ribs 8-12 (or 9-12)

Front 128

This is a flat bone that joins the ribs anteriorly to close the wall of the bony thorax

Back 128

sternum

Front 129

The sternum consists of a triangular portion called the (X), the main part or (Y), and the smallest portion (Z)

Back 129

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

Front 130

the manubrium has a depression called the (X)

Back 130

suprasternal notch

Front 131

# bones in the appendicular skeleton

Back 131

126

Front 132

Name the only four appendicular bones left after the upper and lower limb bones

Back 132

pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
pelvic girdle: two os coxae (aka hip or innominate bones)

Front 133

the (X) forms the anterior portion of the shoulder girdle

Back 133

clavicle

Front 134

The (X) forms the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle. Its two prominent bony projections are the (Y) and (Z)

Back 134

scapula
coracoid process
acromion process

Front 135

# bones in the upper limbs

Back 135

30

Front 136

longer forearm bone=

Back 136

ulna

Front 137

structure than maintains wrist concavity and forms the passage of the flexor tendons (carpal tunnel)

Back 137

flexor retinaculum

Front 138

each hand has # tapering bones (phalanges)

Back 138

14

Front 139

The bony pelvis consists of (X) and (Y)

Back 139

sacrum
pelvic girdle (paired coxal bones)

Front 140

At birth, each coxa contains what three bones?

Back 140

ilium
ischium
pubis

Front 141

The posteroinferior part of the os coxa is known as the

Back 141

ischium

Front 142

Pubic bone aka

Back 142

pubis

Front 143

The pubis and ischium join to form what region?

Back 143

obturator foramen

Front 144

the two pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the (X)

Back 144

symphysis pubis

Front 145

deep round socket on the (lateral/medial) surface of the os coxa

Back 145

acetabulum
lateral

Front 146

lower limbs consist of # bones

Back 146

30

Front 147

# phalanges of each foot

Back 147

14

Front 148

Which femoral condyle articulates with the tibia?

Back 148

both

Front 149

Bony projection located superolateral to the neck of the femur

Back 149

greater trochanter

Front 150

Patella articulates where?

Back 150

Anterior surface between the femoral condyles

Front 151

Distally the tibia articulates with what ankle bone?

Back 151

talus

Front 152

How much weight does the fibula bear?

Back 152

none

Front 153

Which end of the fibula articulates with the tibia?

Back 153

both

Front 154

The instep is formed by what bones?

Back 154

metatarsals

Front 155

The toes are formed by what bones?

Back 155

phalanges

Front 156

Name the seven tarsals

Back 156

talus
calcaneus
cuboid
navicular
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms

Front 157

The five metatarsals are numbered starting with which toe?

Back 157

Hallux

Front 158

Which toe has less phalanges?

Back 158

hallux has only two phalanges

Front 159

Bones are composed of specialized CT that consists of a collagenous (X) impregnated with calcium (Y) and small amounts of calcium (Z) and other minerals

Back 159

collagenous matrix
calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate

Front 160

bone resorption = formation/breakdown?

Back 160

breakdown

Front 161

bone resorption exceeds formation in old age, causing a decrease in (X)

Back 161

bone density

Front 162

Heavy weight bearing promotes stronger bones by stimulating (X) and inhibiting (Y)

Back 162

osteoblast formation and bone matrix production;
inhibiting osteoclast activity

Front 163

two types of bone formation

Back 163

endochondral
intramembranous

Front 164

osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells in the endochondral/intramembranous bone formation process?

Back 164

both

Front 165

name the type of cells that secrete alkaline phosphatase which liberates phosphate ions

Back 165

osteoblasts

Front 166

calcium phosphate, which is deposited in bone matrix, is made up of what two ions?

Back 166

calcium
phosphate

Front 167

Name the enzyme that allows phosphate ions to release during bone formation

Back 167

alkaline phosphatase

Front 168

osteoblasts are transformed into (X) after a bone is formed

Back 168

osteocytes

Front 169

In (X) type of bone formation, a cartilage model forms first, then osteoblasts invade the cartilage and convert it into bone

Back 169

endochondral bone formation

Front 170

areas of endochondral bone formation are called:

Back 170

centers of ossification

Front 171

In a long bone, ossification begins in what area? And then in what area next?

Back 171

shaft first (diaphyses), then in the ends next (epiphyses)

Front 172

What type of bone formation occurs in many flat bones of the skull and in the clavicle?

Back 172

intramembranous bone formation

Front 173

In intramembranous bone formation, what part of the process of endochondral bone formation is missing?

Back 173

Osteoblasts form these bones directly without a preliminary cartilage mass

Front 174

In intramembranous bone formation, bone-forming cells differentiate from precursor cells in CT and begin to produce bone where?

Back 174

directly within the CT

Front 175

During intramembranous bone formation, the initial centers of ossification extend peripherally and eventually convert all the (X) to (Y)

Back 175

connective tissue to bone

Front 176

In endochondral formation, bone grows in LENGTH by continuous production of (X) a the (Y) end of the epipheseal plate, and conversion of cartilage into bone in the (Z) end of the epiphyseal plate; this all followed by remodeling of the bone to maintain its form.

Back 176

cartilage
distal
proximal

Front 177

When are epiphyseal lines converted into bone?

Back 177

toward the end of adolescence

Front 178

How does endochondral formed bone THICKEN?

Back 178

Addition of newly formed bone from the periosteum increases long bone diameter

Front 179

"Centers of ossification" is a term used to describe a part of what bone-forming process?

Back 179

endochondral bone formation

Front 180

Epipheseal lines are part of what bone-forming process?

Back 180

endochondral
eg long bone growth

Front 181

What hormones and nutrients in the body affect bone formation?

Back 181

pituitary growth hormone
& sex hormones; also calcium and vitamin D

Front 182

Why does vitamin D help grow bones?

Back 182

Vit D promotes calcium absorption and incorporation into the bone matrix

Front 183

Osteoclasts have (no/one/many) nuclei?

Back 183

many

Front 184

Osteoclasts promote bone remodeling by doing what?

Back 184

removing unwanted bone while new bone is forming in other areas

Front 185

What enzymes do osteoclasts secrete that digest the organic bone matrix?

Back 185

lysosomal enzymes (protein digesting)

Front 186

What two types of acids do osteoclasts secrete, which desolve calcium phosphate and other bone minerals?

Back 186

lactic and citric

Front 187

What process do osteoclasts actively employ that digests small bone fragments?

Back 187

phagocytosis

Front 188

What ions are commonly released into the bloodstream during bone resorption?

Back 188

calcium and phosphate ions become part of the body's ion pool

Front 189

What glandular substance promotes bone resorption?

Back 189

adrenal cortical hormones

Front 190

Major joint type that allows for practically no movement:

Back 190

fibrous (synarthroses) practically no movement
eg sutures between skull bones

Front 191

Major joint type that allows for some movement

Back 191

cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) allow slight movement
eg vertebral joints, sacroiliac, symphysis pubis

Front 192

Major joint type that allows for free movement

Back 192

synovial (diarthroses)
eg shoulder, wrist, hip, knee

Front 193

Synarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?

Back 193

fibrous

Front 194

Amphiarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?

Back 194

cartilaginous

Front 195

Diarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?

Back 195

synovial

Front 196

Joint type that unites bones with a thin layer of fibrous CT

Back 196

synarthroses
eg skull

Front 197

Joint type that unites bones with a fibrocartilage

Back 197

amphiarthroses
eg vertebrae bodies and SI joints

Front 198

Joint type made of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of the bones
and a capsule with fluid in it

Back 198

synovial
eg hip, ankle

Front 199

fibrous CT that attaches muscle to bone

Back 199

tendon

Front 200

dense flexible bands of CT that attach bones to bones

Back 200

ligaments

Front 201

dense tissue of fibers embedded in a strong , gel like substance; supports and shapes various structures

Back 201

cartilage

Front 202

Bursae are small synovial fluid sacs that appear around joints between (X), (Y), and (Z) and cushion nearby tissues

Back 202

bones
tendons
ligaments

Front 203

(X) muscles exert force on(Y), which pull on bones to which they are attached

Back 203

skeletal
tendons

Front 204

During movement, bones act as (levers/fulcrums) and joints act as (levers/fulcroms)

Back 204

levers
fulcrums

Front 205

During movement,
(X) decreases the joint angle
(Y) increases the joint angle
(Z) increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position

Back 205

flexion
extension
hyperextension

Front 206

During movement,
(X) moves the limb in a circle
(Y) moves the limb twd midline
(Z) moves the limb away from midline

Back 206

circumduction
adduction
aBduction

Front 207

During movement,
(X) revolves the limb around a longitudinal axis moving it toward the midline (Y) or away from midline (Z)

Back 207

rotation
internal
external

Front 208

During movement,
(X) turns the palm upward
(Y) turns the palm downward
(Z) turns the plantar surface inward

Back 208

supination
pronation
inversion

Front 209

During movement,
(X) turns the plantar surface outward
(Y) moves the jaw backward
(Z) moves the jaw forward

Back 209

eversion
retraction
protraction

Front 210

The bone marrow produces (X) through hematopoieses

Back 210

red blood cells