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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nephrons are ?
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the structural and functional unit of the kidney which filters blood and form urine.
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Nephrons are composed of ?
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a renal corpuscle that filters blood and a renal tubule that modifies the filitrate to form urine
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The renal corpuscle which is located in the renal cortex consist of a
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glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular(Bowman’s) capsule a cup-shaped epithelial membrane surrounding the glomerulus.
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The renal tubule is subdivided in to the
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proximal convulted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convulted tubule.
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The two types of nephrons
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cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons
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Cortical nephrons have short
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loops of Henle that descend slightly into the medulla
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juxtamedullary nephron have long
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loop of Henle that extend deep onto the medulla
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The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are supplied by
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Vasa Recta(long capillary loops that extend from the efferent arteriole) and peritublar capillaries
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Urinary bladder in females is located
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posterior and inferior to the uterus anterior to vagina and posterior to the pubic symphsis
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Hemoturia (erythrocytes in urine) may be caused by
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inflammation of urinary system organs irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system
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Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine) caused by
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a metabolic condition called ketosis: ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids: ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrates diets or untreated diabetes mellitus
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Pyuria (white blood cells in urine) caused by
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an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra
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TLC: Total Lung Capacity=
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IRV + TV + ERV + RV (6000 ml)
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TV: Tidal Volume=
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Total amount of air inhaled and exhales during one normal breath (500ml)
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RV: Residual Volume=
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Amt of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (1200ml)
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ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume=
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Maximum amt. of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (1200ml)
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IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume=
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Maximum amt. of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (3100ml)
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VC: Vital Capacity=
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Maximum volume of air expelled after a maximal exhalation TLC − RV (4800ml)
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(Cells of the alveoli)
Goblet cells: |
secrete viscous mucus that traps dust and other particles
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(Cells of the alveoli)
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium: protects underlying tissue
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(Cells of the alveoli)
Simple Squamous Epithelium: |
allows highly vascularized alveoli to facilitate diffusion of respiratory gases, oxygen & carbon dioxide
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Functions of mucocilary escalator
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Goblet cells make mucous that traps debris & the cilia moves it up & out
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Pulmonary ventilation or breathing is the mov’t of air bet.
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the atmosphere & the lungs that occurs when we inhale & exhale
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External respiration is the mov’t of O2 from the
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alveoli into pulmonary capillaries of CO2 from pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli
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Internal respiration is the mov’t of O2 from
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capillaries into body cells & CO2 from body cells into capillaries
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Epithelia of Larynx
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Stratified Squamous + Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Epithelia of Trachea
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Epithelia of Bronchioles
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Simple Cuboidal, Simple Squamous
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Epithelia of Alveoli:
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Simple Squamous
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Emphysema:
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shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion, the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface are for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
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Pneumonia:
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inflammation of the lobules of the lung, fluids leak into the alveoli and the respiratory bronchioles swell and constrict
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Functions of Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth: |
ingestion, secretion, mechanical & chemical digestion, mixing & propulsion (enzymes: salivary amylase -breaks down &carbohydrates and lingual lipase – fat)
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Functions of Organs of the Digestive System
Pharynx: Esophagus: |
Pharynx: propulsion
Esophagus: propulsion |
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Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Stomach:
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secretion of gastric juices, mixing, propulsion, mechanical & chemical digestion (enzymes: gastric lipase- fat & pepsinogen – protein)
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Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Small Intestine:
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secretion, mixing, propulsion, mechanical & chemical digestion, absorption (enzymes: pancreatic lipase- fat, amylase- carbohydrates & trypsin- protein)
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Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Large Intestine:
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absorbs a large amt of H2O, concentrating the undigested feces into a solid form, secretes mucous & eliminates fecal material from the body
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Epithelia of stomach and small intestine
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Simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach, small & large intestine
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Enzymes in chemical digestion, Mucous neck cells:
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secrete mucous that protects the stomach lining from being digested
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Enzymes in chemical digestion, Chief cells:
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produce & secrete gastric lipase that digests triglycerides and pepsinogen.
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Enzymes in chemical digestion, Parietal cells:
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produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor
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Hydrochloric acid converts
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converts pepsinogen into pepsin
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Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin which begins the digestion of
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protein
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Intrinsic factor facilitates vit. ____absorption in the small intestine
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B12
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Spermatogensis:
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Spermatocycte→Spermatid
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Spermiogensis:
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Spermatid→ Spermatozoa
Spermatagonia→ Spermatocyte→ Spermatid→ Spermatoza |
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Seminal Vesicles: contains
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fructose; prostaglandins that stimulate sperm motility and muscular contractions
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Secretions of glands of the male reproductive system:
Prostate Gland |
proteolytic enzymes increases sperm viability and motility
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Secretions of glands of the male reproductive system:
Bulbourethral glands: |
neutralizes the acidic male urethra and secrete mucus that lubricates the urethra and glans penis
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Oogenesis:
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the formation of haploid ova with half the number of chromosomes that occurs in the ovary
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Oogonium
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Oogonium→ primary oocyte (meiosis I before birth) → secondary oocyte& 1st polar body
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If the secondary oocyte is fertilized it completes
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meiosis II and 2 haploid cells form 1 large ovum and 2nd polar body
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Endometrium:
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the inner, vascular layer lining the uterine cavity (implantation should occur here)
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Myometrium:
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the middle, thickest layer, composed of three layers of smooth muscle that have fibers going in three different directions: oblique, circular and longitudinal
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Function of corpus luteum:
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When a graafian follicle expels the secondary oocyte during ovulation, the remaining follicular tissue becomes a Corpus Luteum, which secretes progesterone, it disintegrates and a scar-like corpus albicans is formed
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Chromosomal composition of eggs and sperm
Eggs: Sperm: Zygote: |
Eggs: 23 chromosomes
Sperm: 23 chromosomes Zygote: 46 chromosomes |
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chromosomes
Turner Syndrome: Klinefelter Syndrome: |
Turner Syndrome: XO Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Inferior Oblique: |
allows the eye to move clockwise and counter clockwise; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Inferior Rectus: |
allows for eyes to look down. ; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Lateral Rectus: |
allows for eyes to look towards ear; innervated by: Cranial Nerve IV (Abducens)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Medial Rectus |
allow for eyes to look medially; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Superior Oblique: |
allows for eyes to move clockwise and counter clockwise; innervated by: Cranial Nerve VI (Trochlear Nerve)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:Superior Rectus:
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allows for eyes to look up; innervated by: Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)
◊ Remember Lr IV So VI and everything else III |
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Eustachian tube (auditory tube and paryngotympanic): connects the
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middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with atmospheric air
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Blind Spots: caused by the lack of
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photoreceptors in the optic disc this is where the optic nerve exits the eye
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Fovea centralis (central fovea): This is an area of the Retina that has the
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highest density of cones of any area of the retina and is not covered by ganglion and bipolar cell layers. This area had the highest visual acuity and the light rays reflected from an object are focused on the fovea centralis.
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Retina: broken up in two layers, the ___ and ____.
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pigmented layer and Neural Layer
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The neural layer is broken in to 3 neuron layers
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Photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion
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Canal of schlem (sclera venous): is an
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opening at the junction of the cornea and the sclera drains aqueous humor back into blood stream
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Cilary Body:
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begins posterior to the iris at the junction of the cornea and sclera it consist of the cilary muscle and cilary processes. Cilary muscle is a circular smooth muscle that contracts to control the shape of the lens. Cilary processes contain capillaries and secrete aqueous humor
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Suspensory ligaments (zonular fibers): are
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thin fibers that attach the lens of these cilary processes
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The cochlear ducts contain the
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hearing receptors and are connected to the saccule membrane.
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