A & P Ii Lecture Exam

Front 1

Ventilation

Back 1

-flow of air between atmosphere and lungs
-due to difference in air pressure
-contraction and relaxation of skeletal mm create air passage changes

Front 2

lungs at rest

Back 2

air pressure inside lungs is smae as atmospheric pressure & outside lungs: 760mm of mercury

Front 3

inspiration

Back 3

inhalation; breathing in

Front 4

steps of inspiration

Back 4

-diaphragm mm & external intercostals mm contract
-alveoli increase in size due to lung attachment to ribs & sternum
-air pressure drops in alveoli
-air moves from high pressure to low pressure
-inhalation continues until alveolar pressure rises to 760mm Hg

Front 5

Expiration

Back 5

exhalation; breathing out

Front 6

steps of expiration

Back 6

-diaphragm mm and externa intercostals mm relax
-alveoli return to normal size
-air pressure in alveoli rises to 762mm Hg
-air moves from lungs to outside enviroment
-exhalation continues til alveolar pressure drops to 760 mm Hg

Front 7

shallow inhalation

Back 7

external intercostals contract

Front 8

deep inhalation

Back 8

external intercostals and diaphragm mm contract

Front 9

eupnea (exhalation)

Back 9

muscles relax; cavity goes back to normal

Front 10

hypernea (force exhalation)

Back 10

internal intercostals contract; rib cage contracts and forces air out

Front 11

gas exchange

Back 11

-exchange of gases between blood capillaries and body tissues
-oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffues across membranes independent of one another
-each gas diffuses from areas where its partial pressure is high to areas where partial pressure is low

Front 12

external gases

Back 12

carbon dioxide moves from capillaries to alveoli

oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries.

Front 13

internal gases

Back 13

carbon dioxide body tissure to capillaries

oxygen capillaries to body tissue

Front 14

external respiration
(pulmonary gas exchange)

Back 14

-diffusion of oxygen from alveoli sacs to capillaries
-diffusion of carbon dioxide from capillaries to air in alveoli sacs
-influenced by total surface area available for gas exchange

Front 15

internal respiration
(systemic gas exchange)

Back 15

-diffusion of oxygen from capillaries to body tissue
-diffusion of carbon dioxide from body tissue to capillaries.

Front 16

Functions of respiratory system

Back 16

1. provide area for gas exchange.
2. move air to and from exchange surface
3.protecting respiratory surface
4. defending respiratory system and other tissues from pathogenic organisms.
5. producing sounds

Front 17

order of air movement in body

Back 17

larynx>trachea>bronchus>bronchioles>aveoli

Front 18

upper respiratory features

Back 18

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx

Front 19

lower respiratory features

Back 19

larynx, trachea, lungs

Front 20

what makes up the respiratory epithelium

Back 20

-psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-goblet cells & glands produce mucus that trap particles
-cilia sweep mucus laden particles to pharynx
-particles are exposed to acids and enzymes of the stomach
-epithelium at nostrils have hair to keep out particles
-mucus production increases w/exposer to vapors, allergens, or pathogens

Front 21

2 routes of air entry

Back 21

1. external nares-nasal cavity- internal nares-nasopharynx-laryngo pharynx
2. mouth-buccal cavity-oropharynx-laryngopharynx

Front 22

conchae

Back 22

bones in nasal cavity that form narrow grooves where air bounces around in cavity, churns air and allows more time for small particles to come in contact with mucus and filtered out

Front 23

functions of nasal cavity

Back 23

1. cleans air
2. warms air
3. humidifies air
4. exposes odorants to chemical receptors

Front 24

pharynx

Back 24

-shared by resp & digest syst
-extends from internal nares to larynx or esophagus
-3 parts-naso, oro, and laryngo

Front 25

nasopharynx

Back 25

-only air
-separated from oral cavity by soft palate
-lines by respiratory epithelium

Front 26

oropharynx

Back 26

-between soft palate and tongue
-food & air-shared area
-stratified squamous epithelium tissue
uvula at end-prevents food from entering pharynx

Front 27

laryngopharynx

Back 27

-between oropharynx and esophagus
-lined with respiratory epithelium
-shared with food and air

Front 28

larynx

Back 28

from glottis to trachea; air only
made up of 9 cartilages including epiglottis
cartilage is used for support and sound

Front 29

glottis

Back 29

opening for air to pass in the larynx

Front 30

epiglottis

Back 30

protects from glottis and closes over glottis when swallowing

Front 31

sound production

Back 31

-produced by air passing over ligaments
-paired cartilage has ligaments between them-ligaments vibrate when air passes over
-muscles between cartilage and ligament regulated tension of ligament for vocalizaion

Front 32

high pitch

Back 32

muscles contract, ligaments taut

Front 33

low pitch

Back 33

muscles relax, ligaments not taunt

Front 34

trachea

Back 34

-11cm long and 2.5cm across
-supported by C shaped cartilage
-allows distortion during swallowing
-cartilage stops collapsing during inhalation
-lined with respiration epithelium with goblet cells

Front 35

bronchial tree

Back 35

-made up of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
-all supported by hyaline cartilage

Front 36

primary bronchi

Back 36

-2 branches from trachea
-outside of lung=extrapulmonary bronchi
-inside of lung=pulmonary bronchi
-where enters=root of lung
-hilus

Front 37

secondary bronchi

Back 37

-next set after primary
-left 2 branches
-right 3 branches
-hyaline cart

Front 38

teritiary bronchi

Back 38

-3rd sed of branches, 8 & 10
-hyaline cartilage less and less

Front 39

bronchioles

Back 39

-branch from teritiary bronchi
-smooth muscle
-diameter controlled by smooth muscle
-involuntary constriction
branch into respiratory bronchioles
each branch has a lobule of aveoli sacs and ducts

Front 40

alveoli sacs and ducts

Back 40

-simple squamous epithelial tissue-no muscle no cartilage
-thin and delicate
-gas exchange occurs here

Front 41

muscle use means?

Back 41

inhalation is active

Front 42

2 types of exhalation

Back 42

-eupnea=passive
-hypernea=active

Front 43

function of heart

Back 43

to pump blood throughout the body

Front 44

right atrium

Back 44

-recieves deoxy blood form IVC and SVC and coronary sinus
-pectinate mm
-transports blood to right ventricle by tricuspid valves

Front 45

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Back 45

-pacemaker of heart
-provides electric stimulus for atrial muscle (pectinate) contraction

Front 46

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Back 46

-connected to SA node
-transports electical stimulus to ventricles

Front 47

papillary mm

Back 47

-attached to cusps by tendons(chordae tendinae)
-contraction of muscle holds cusps over valves to prevent backflow

Front 48

right ventricle

Back 48

-recives deoxy blood from right atrium
-muscular chamber (trabeculae carnae)
-transports deoxygenated blood to pulmonary trunk and out to lungs

Front 49

interventricular septum

Back 49

-between ventricles
-muscles that transport nerve impulses to purkinje fibers that stimulate ventricular mm

Front 50

pulmonary trunk

Back 50

-artery taht transports deoxy blood from right ventricle to lungs
divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

Front 51

pulmonary semilunar valves

Back 51

valves that prevent back flow of blood into right ventricle

Front 52

right and left pulmonary veins

Back 52

transport oxygenated blood from rigth and left lungs to left atrium

Front 53

left atrium

Back 53

recives oxy blood from pulmonary veins
-muscular chamber (pecinated mm)
-transports blood to left ventricle by bicuspid valve

Front 54

left ventricle

Back 54

-recieves oxygenated blood from left atrium
-muscular chamber (trabeculae carnae)
-transports blood into ascending aorta and out of rest of body

Front 55

ascending aorta

Back 55

-artery that transports oxy blood for left ventricle to rest of body by aortic semilunar valves
-first branching for ascending aorda are coronary arteries that feed heart muscles

Front 56

aortic semilunar valves

Back 56

valves that passively close to prevent backflow of blood into left ventricle

Front 57

pulmonary circuit

Back 57

-blood circulates between heart & lungs
-includes right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary arteries and veins, and left atrium

Front 58

systemic circuit

Back 58

-blood circulates between heart and all other body tissues except lungs
-includes left ventricle, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and right atrium

Front 59

cardiac cycle

Back 59

period between beginning of one heart beat and the beginning of the next heart beat is a single cardiac cycle

Front 60

2 phases of cardia cycle

Back 60

systole and diastole

Front 61

systole

Back 61

-contraction of heart muscles
-a chamber drains blood either into another heart chamber or into an artery

Front 62

diastole

Back 62

-relaxation of heart mm
-a chamber fills with blood

Front 63

steps of cardiac sycle

Back 63

1. atrial systole
2. ventricular systole first phase
3.ventricular systole second phase
4. ventricular diastole (early)
5. ventricular diatole late

Front 64

atrial systole

Back 64

atria contracts and forces remaining blood into relaxed ventricles
where atrial systole ends, atrial diastole begins

Front 65

ventricular systole first phase

Back 65

-contraction of ventricular muscles
-bicuspid and tricuspid valves close (LUBB)
-semilunar valves still closed (not enough pressure)

Front 66

ventricular systole second phase

Back 66

-pressure mounts in ventricles
-both ventricles push blood out through either the pulmonary trunk or ascending aorta

Front 67

ventricular diastole (early)

Back 67

-ventricles relax, pressure drops
-blood backflows into aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves closing them (DUPP)
-AV are closed
-blood passively fills into atria

Front 68

ventricualr diastole (late)

Back 68

av valves open and blood flows into ventricles

Front 69

LUBB

Back 69

closing of AV valves during ventricular contraction first phase (systole)

Front 70

DUPP

Back 70

closing of semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation early phase (diastole)

Front 71

3 functions of blood

Back 71

1. transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
2.protection by immune response and clotting
3.homeostasis-regulation of water, pH, and temp

Front 72

red blood cells
aka. erythrocytes

Back 72

-no nucleus or other typical intracellular components
-has cell membrane and hemoglobin

Front 73

hemoglobin

Back 73

-protien
-main function is to transport gas
-made of globular subunits that holds a heme molecule and 4 amino acid chains

Front 74

heme molecule

Back 74

each holds and iron ion that can interact with oxygen

Front 75

amino acid chain

Back 75

-carbon dioxide binds to amino acids
-amino acids/carbon dioxide interaction is weak and disassociates easily

Front 76

red blood circulation in lungs

Back 76

-from alveoli sacs in lungs, oxygen diffuses into capillaries and attaches to heme molecules
-from capillaries, carbon dioxide disassociates and enters into alveoli sacs of lungs

Front 77

red blood circulation in peripheral tissue

Back 77

-tissues consume oxygen to make atp and releases carbon dioxide
-oxygen disassociates with heme molecules; diffuses out of capillaries and into tissues
-carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissues and into capillaries associating with amino acids

Front 78

shape of cells

Back 78

-biconcave with thin center
-flexable
-large surface area for gas exchange

Front 79

rouleaux

Back 79

-form stacks like dinner plates
-thin enought to pass through blood vessels
-cell has bending and flexing abilities by changing shape

Front 80

main function of digestive system

Back 80

-break down food
-absorb nutrients into the blood to provide energy for rest of body

Front 81

mouth is made up of what?

Back 81

stratified squamous epithelial tissue for protection

Front 82

ingestion

Back 82

bringing in by lips and tongue, mechanical breakdown by teeth

Front 83

digestion

Back 83

salivary glands and manipulation and taste is chemically broken down

Front 84

3 phases of swallowing

Back 84

1. buccal phase (voluntary)
2. pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
3. esophageal phase (involuntary)

Front 85

buccal phase

Back 85

soft palate covers nasopharyx

Front 86

pharyngeal phase

Back 86

smooth muscle moves food by peristalsis and stratified squamous epithelial tissue provides protection

Front 87

esophagus

Back 87

-at end of pharynx
-bolus carries on journey to stompach by peristalsis action
-goes into abd cavity through diaphragm at hiatus
-enters stomach at cardia region

Front 88

stomach

Back 88

-lines with with simple squamous epithelial tissue with a lot of goblet celss that produce mucus
-mucus is secreted into lumen of stomach to protect lining from acids
-smooth muscles break down of bolus
-bolus is broken down by HCL
-bolus is now called chyme

Front 89

Duodenum

Back 89

-area of more chemical digestions
-pancreatic enzymes and bile secreted into duodenum to break down proteins and fats

Front 90

jejunum and ileum

Back 90

-main purpus is absorbtion of nutrients into blood
-chyme moves slowly due to plicae circulares

Front 91

large intestine

Back 91

-main purpose is compaction of chyme
-weak peristalsis to allow dehydration

Front 92

what type of tissue are intestines

Back 92

simple squamous epithelial tissue

Front 93

rectum

Back 93

-expandable
-1st part of storage
-2nd part is anal canal
-lined with stratified squamous epithelial tissue
-muscles at end are voluntary

Front 94

anus

Back 94

-orifice or hole at end of rectum
-are is part of integument system

Front 95

e. coli

Back 95

GOOD: is found throught intestines and helps break down chyme and manufactures vit K and B
BAD:causes hemorraging

Front 96

constipation

Back 96

occurs from too much water

Front 97

diarrhea

Back 97

occurs from too little water

Front 98

accessory organs

Back 98

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreaus

Front 99

functions of liver

Back 99

1. metabolic regulation (cleans out blood)
2. making bile

Front 100

portical hepatica of liver

Back 100

where everything enters or exits

Front 101

area of portical hepatica of liver

Back 101

-hepatic portal vein (brings blood from digestive tract)
-hepatic arteries (blood with oxygen to feel liver)
-left and right hepatic ducts(bile travels form liver to duodenum

Front 102

gall bladder

Back 102

-storage of bile and secretion of bile when needed
-cystic duct transports bile to and from gall bladder

Front 103

pancreas

Back 103

-releases pancreatic enzymes to duodenum to break down proteins
-both the pancreatic duct and common bile duct come to gether to enter the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampullae